Chapter 3 Biological Molecules PDF

Biochemistry Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in bio...

Biochemistry Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. Identify functional groups in biological molecules. Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down. Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding, continued Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds.  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules Condensation reactions join monomers (small simple molecules) to form polymers. A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product. In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.  Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides. Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure. Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action. Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Disaccharides and Polysaccharides – Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. – A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharides.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Amino Acids – Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides – Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. – A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Proteins  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes – Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. – The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Enzyme Activity  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fatty Acids – Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Triglycerides – Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Phospholipids – Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes, consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Waxes – A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol. Steroids – A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids  Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, continued The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.