Justice and Fairness

# Justice and Fairness - Justice: Overriding principles, means giving each person what they deserve. - Fairness: Principles applied to a set of circumstances. - Fairness is concerned with actions, processes, and consequences that are morally right, honorable, and equitable. - Substantive fairness:...

# Justice and Fairness - Justice: Overriding principles, means giving each person what they deserve. - Fairness: Principles applied to a set of circumstances. - Fairness is concerned with actions, processes, and consequences that are morally right, honorable, and equitable. - Substantive fairness: A principle that focuses on whether a decision is fair and reasonable. - Procedural fairness: Concerned with the decision maker rather than the actual outcome reached. - Law represents obligatory behavior because of the infraction results to punishment, formal or informal. ## Different Kinds of Justice 1. **Distributive Justice:** Refers to the extent to which society's institutions ensure that benefits and burdens are distributed among members in ways that are fair and just. 2. **Retributive Justice:** Refers to the extent to which punishments are fair and just. 3. **Compensatory Justice:** Refers to the extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by those who have injured them; just compensation is proportional to the loss inflicted on a person. # Political Doctrines 1. **Egalitarianism:** Trend of thought in political philosophy. People should get the same, or be treated the same, or be treated as equals in some respect. ## Types of Egalitarianism: 1. **Economic Egalitarianism:** Participants of a society are equal standing and have equal access to all the economic resources in terms of economic power, wealth, and contribution. 2. **Moral Egalitarianism:** The position that equality is central to justice, that all individuals are entitled to equal respect, and that all human persons are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. 3. **Legal Egalitarianism:** The principle under which each individual is subject to the same laws, with no individual or group or class having special legal privileges, and where the testimony of all persons is counted with the same weight. 4. **Political Egalitarianism:** Members of a society are of equal standing in terms of political power and influence. 5. **Luck Egalitarianism:** A view about distributive justice (what is just or right with respect to the allocation of goods in a society) espoused by a variety of left-wing political philosophers, which seeks to distinguish between outcomes that are the result of brute luck. 6. **Gender Egalitarianism:** A form of society which power is equally shared between men and women, or a family structured where power is shared equally by both parents. 7. **Racial Egalitarianism:** The absence of racial segregation (the separation of different racial groups in daily life, whether mandated by law or through social norms.) 8. **Opportunity Egalitarianism:** The idea that equality is possible by a redistribution of resources, usually in the form of a capital grant provided at the age of majority. 9. **Christian Egalitarianism:** Holds that all people are equal before God and in Christ, and specifically teaches gender equality in Christian church leadership and in marriage. # Political Doctrines Cont. 2. **Socialism:** A populist economic and political system based on the public ownership of the means of production. Developed in opposition to excesses and abuses to liberal and individualism. 3. **Capitalism:** An economic system where private entities own the factors of production. Closely associated with economic system. - Capitalism also called free market economy of free enterprise economy and economic system. - Capitalism results in the best products for the best prices. ## Characteristics of Capitalism 1. **Two-Class system:** Historically, a capitalist society was characterized by the split between two classes of individuals - the capitalist who owns the means for producing and distributing goods and the working class, who sell their labor to the capitalist class in exchange for wages. 2. **Profit Motive:** Companies exist to make profit. 3. **Minimal government intervention:** Capitalist societies believe markets should be left alone to operate without gouvernement intervention. 4. **Competition:** True capitalism needs a competitive market. 5. **Willingness to change:** The ability to adapt and change. - Taxation: The supreme power of the sovereign state through its law making body, to impose burdens or charges upon persons, property or property rights for public purpose. ## Basic Principles of a Sound Tax System 1. **Fiscal adequacy:** This means that the source of revenue should be sufficient to address the demands of public expenditures. 2. **Equality or Theoretical justice:** This means that the tax burdens should be proportionate to the taxpayer's ability to pay. 3. **Administrative feasibility:** This means that the tax should be capable of convenience, just, and effective administration. # Globalization - Globalization: A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations. - Process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. - The increased interconnectedness of the world through trade, technology, and culture. ## Reasons for Globalization 1. Improvements in transportation 2. Freedom of trade 3. Improvements of communication 4. Labor availability # Salient Features of Globalization 1. **Liberalization:** The freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or abroad. 2. **Free Trade:** The free flow of trade relations among all the nations. 3. **Globalization of Economic Activity:** Governed both by the domestic markets and the world markets. 4. **Liberalization of Import-Export System:** Stands for liberalization of import-export system, involving a free flow of goods and services across borders. 5. **Privatization:** Globalization stands for keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and distribution and letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity among the people and their corporation. 6. **Increased Collaboration:** Encouraging the process of collaborations among the entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid modernization, development, and technological advancement is a feature of Globalization. 7. **Economic Reforms:** Encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a view to give strength to free trade, free enterprise, and market forces of the world. ## Characteristics of Globalization 1. Cross-border trade 2. Cultural exchange: 3. Technological integration # Millenials and Fillenials - Millenials: Refer to the generation of the people born between the early 1980s and 1990s. These generations are optimistic, collaborative, tech-savvy. - Millenials are often referred to as the "social media generation". - Fillenials: Generation that considered the first true digital natives. - Fillenials are most associated with promoting mental health awareness. - Millennials and Fillenials: Most associated with sustainability concerns.