Ethics Exam Questions PDF

### Ethics exam questions 1. **Definition of health according to WHO:** Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 2. **4 Principles of medical ethics:** * Respect and autonomy * Non-maleficence * Beneficenc...

### Ethics exam questions 1. **Definition of health according to WHO:** Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 2. **4 Principles of medical ethics:** * Respect and autonomy * Non-maleficence * Beneficence * Justice 3. **15 Principles of Bioethics:** * Human right and Human dignity * Benefit and harm * Autonomy and individual responsibility * Consent * People who can't give consent (comma patients, children) * Respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity (personality as a whole-physical, mental, social) * Privacy and confidentiality * Equality, justice and equity * Non-discrimination and non-stigmatisation * Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism * Solidarity and cooperation * Social responsibility and health * Sharing of benefits * Protecting future generations * Protection of the environment, biodiversity and biosphere 4. **What is medical ethics?** A system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research 5. **What are bioethics?** Study of ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine 6. **What is informed consent?** Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal information 7. **Elements of informed consent:** * Competence of the patient * Patient has received sufficient information about his or her health and the disease * Patient has understood the information given * Patient freely gives consent to the treatment/ research Study of ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine 6. **What is informed consent?** Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal information 7. **Elements of informed consent:** * Competence of the patient * Patient has received sufficient information about his or her health and the disease * Patient has understood the information given * Patient freely gives consent to the treatment/research 8. **What does a competent patient mean?** The Mental Capacity Act 2005 defines a competent patient as one who is able to take a decision for himself, i.e. who can understand and retain the information relevant to the decision, weigh that information as part of the process of making the decision, and communicate that decision. 9. **What are rights?** Rights should be defined in terms of claims that demand respect. Justified claims that individuals and groups can make upon others/ society. 10. **What are legal rights and moral rights?** * Legal rights: claims that are justified by legal principles * Moral rights: claims that are justified by moral principles and rules. 11. **What are positive and negative rights?** * Positive rights: another's obligation to do something for that person * Negative rights: obligation to refrain from doing something for another 12. **What should the relationship between a Doctor and patient be?** * Paternalistic relationship = old model * Autonomy model = doctor explains everything to patient and he/she makes a decision - can lead to error in decision as such decision can be made w/out professional guidance - doesn't happen anymore * Patient partnership = new model - both doctor and patient work together for the best outcome for the patient. Doctor will respect the patient and vice versa. The doctor works in a team w/other healthcare professional but he is the leader of that team since he is responsible for his patient. 13. **What are the hierarchal levels of moral deliberation?** * Particular judgement and action * Rules * Principles- medical and bioethical * Ethical theories 14. **Elements of rules of good medical practice:** * Knowledge, skill and performance * Safety and quality * Communication, partnership and team work * Maintaining trust 15. **Effective interventions in medical practice** * Ethics committees * Guidelines with rules for good medical practice * Procedures for receiving informed consent from patients to participate in the treatment process and research * Respect of publicity principle and dialogue 16. **Goals of medicine in 21st century:** * Prevention of diseases * Cure diseases * Dealing with pains caused by the diseases * Preventing premature death and helping patients have a peaceful death if they are terminally ill. 17. **Core idea of autonomy:** * "Autos"- self and "Nomos"- rules/ governance * Core idea of autonomy is an extension of political self-rule to self-governance by the individual. 18. **Concept of non-maleficence:** * Not inflicting harm * Associated with "maximum primum non nocere" - above all (or first) do no harm. 19. **Concept of justice:** * To each person an equal share * To each person according to need * To each person according to effort * To each person according to contribution * To each person according to merit (healthcare services) * To each person according to free- market exchange 20. **Describe the main points of ethical case deliberation:** * Medical diagnosis * Nursing Diagnosis * Patients views and social dimension * Organisational dimension * Values; well-being of patients * Anatomy of patient * Responsibility of healthcare professional * Decision making