Podcast
Questions and Answers
Differentiate between legal rights and moral rights, providing a brief example of each.
Differentiate between legal rights and moral rights, providing a brief example of each.
Legal rights are justified by legal principles (e.g., the right to a fair trial), while moral rights are justified by moral principles (e.g., the right to be treated with respect).
Explain the difference between positive and negative rights and provide an example of each in the context of healthcare.
Explain the difference between positive and negative rights and provide an example of each in the context of healthcare.
Positive rights are obligations to provide something (e.g., the right to healthcare), while negative rights are obligations to refrain from doing something (e.g., the right to refuse treatment).
Describe the 'patient partnership' model and its advantages over the 'autonomy model' in the doctor-patient relationship.
Describe the 'patient partnership' model and its advantages over the 'autonomy model' in the doctor-patient relationship.
The patient partnership model involves collaboration between doctor and patient for the best outcome, while respecting each other's expertise, overcoming the possible errors from the autonomy model where the patient makes decisions without professional guidance.
Outline the hierarchical levels of moral deliberation, starting from the most specific to the most abstract.
Outline the hierarchical levels of moral deliberation, starting from the most specific to the most abstract.
List three essential elements of good medical practice that contribute to maintaining trust between doctors and patients.
List three essential elements of good medical practice that contribute to maintaining trust between doctors and patients.
Explain how ethics committees and informed consent procedures contribute to effective interventions in medical practice.
Explain how ethics committees and informed consent procedures contribute to effective interventions in medical practice.
Other than curing disease, name 3 other goals of medicine in the 21st century.
Other than curing disease, name 3 other goals of medicine in the 21st century.
Explain the concept of 'non-maleficence' in medical ethics and its association with 'primum non nocere'.
Explain the concept of 'non-maleficence' in medical ethics and its association with 'primum non nocere'.
According to the WHO definition, is the absence of disease enough to be considered healthy? Why or why not?
According to the WHO definition, is the absence of disease enough to be considered healthy? Why or why not?
A doctor decides not to provide a treatment to a patient because it is too expensive, even though it could significantly improve their quality of life. Which of the four principles of medical ethics might this violate?
A doctor decides not to provide a treatment to a patient because it is too expensive, even though it could significantly improve their quality of life. Which of the four principles of medical ethics might this violate?
How might respecting 'cultural diversity and pluralism' influence a healthcare provider's approach to treating a patient from a different cultural background?
How might respecting 'cultural diversity and pluralism' influence a healthcare provider's approach to treating a patient from a different cultural background?
Why is 'autonomy and individual responsibility' important in bioethics, especially when dealing with a patient who has a chronic illness?
Why is 'autonomy and individual responsibility' important in bioethics, especially when dealing with a patient who has a chronic illness?
In a research study, scientists discover a new gene therapy that could potentially cure a rare disease. How does the principle of 'sharing of benefits' apply in this situation?
In a research study, scientists discover a new gene therapy that could potentially cure a rare disease. How does the principle of 'sharing of benefits' apply in this situation?
A researcher wants to publish sensitive genetic information about a participant without their explicit permission. Which principles of bioethics would this violate?
A researcher wants to publish sensitive genetic information about a participant without their explicit permission. Which principles of bioethics would this violate?
A patient is presented with two treatment options, one with a higher chance of success but also a higher risk of complications, and another with a lower chance of success but fewer risks. What elements of informed consent are crucial in helping the patient decide?
A patient is presented with two treatment options, one with a higher chance of success but also a higher risk of complications, and another with a lower chance of success but fewer risks. What elements of informed consent are crucial in helping the patient decide?
What are the key components required to determine if a patient is considered competent to provide informed consent for a medical procedure?
What are the key components required to determine if a patient is considered competent to provide informed consent for a medical procedure?
Flashcards
WHO definition of health
WHO definition of health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease.
4 Principles of Medical Ethics
4 Principles of Medical Ethics
Respect/Autonomy, Non-maleficence, Beneficence, Justice
Medical ethics
Medical ethics
Moral principles applying values ​​to clinical medicine and scientific research
Bioethics
Bioethics
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Informed consent
Informed consent
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Elements of informed consent
Elements of informed consent
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Competent patient
Competent patient
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Mental Capacity Act 2005
Mental Capacity Act 2005
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What are rights?
What are rights?
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Legal vs. Moral Rights
Legal vs. Moral Rights
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Positive vs. Negative Rights
Positive vs. Negative Rights
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Patient Partnership Model
Patient Partnership Model
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Levels of Moral Deliberation
Levels of Moral Deliberation
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Elements of Good Medical Practice
Elements of Good Medical Practice
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Goals of Medicine in 21st Century
Goals of Medicine in 21st Century
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Core Idea of Autonomy
Core Idea of Autonomy
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Study Notes
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, as defined by the WHO
- The four principles of medical ethics include respect and autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice
- Bioethics encompasses 15 principles including Human rights and dignity, benefit and harm, autonomy and individual responsibility, consent, and the consideration for people who can't give consent (i.e. patients, children)
- Bioethics also includes respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity (personality as a whole-physical, mental, social), privacy and confidentiality, equality/justice/equity, non-discrimination and non-stigmatisation, and respect for cultural diversity and pluralism
- Other principles of bioethics are, solidarity and cooperation, social responsibility and health, sharing of benefits, protecting future generations, and protection of the environment, biodiversity and biosphere
- Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and scientific research
- Bioethics is the study of ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine
- Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal information
- Elements of informed consent include the competence of the patient, the patient receiving sufficient information about their health and disease, the patient understanding the information given, and that the patient freely gives consent to the treatment/research
- A competent patient is defined in the Mental Capacity Act 2005 as someone who can make a decision for themselves, understand and retain relevant information, weigh that information, and communicate their decision
- Rights are defined in terms of claims that demand respect
- Justified claims that individuals and groups can make upon others/society
- Legal rights are claims justified by legal principles, while moral rights are justified by moral principles and rules
- Positive rights involve another's obligation to do something for a person
- Negative rights involve the obligation to refrain from doing something for another
- The paternalistic relationship is the old model between doctor and patient
- The autonomy model involves the doctor explaining everything to the patient, and the patient makes the decision; this is not widely used as it can lead to error without professional guidance
- Patient partnership is the current model, where both doctor and patient work together for the best outcome, respecting each other, and the doctor works in a team but leads it, as he/she is responsible for his patient
- The hierarchical levels of moral deliberation includes particular judgement and action, rules, principles (medical and bioethical), and ethical theories
- Elements of rules of good medical practice include knowledge, skill and performance, safety and quality, communication/partnership/team work, and maintaining trust
Effective interventions in medical practice
- Ethics committees
- Guidelines with rules for good medical practice
- Procedures for receiving informed consent from patients to participate in the treatment process and research
- Respect of publicity principle and dialogue
Goals of medicine in the 21st century
- Prevention of diseases
- Cure diseases
- Dealing with pain caused by diseases
- Preventing premature death and helping patients have a peaceful death if they are terminally ill
Autonomy
- "Autos" means self, and "Nomos" means rules/governance
- The core idea is an extension of political self-rule to self-governance by the individual
Non-maleficence
- Not inflicting harm
- Associated with "maximum primum non nocere" – above all (or first) do no harm
Justice
- To each person an equal share
- To each person according to need
- To each person according to effort
- To each person according to contribution
- To each person according to merit (healthcare services)
- To each person according to free-market exchange
Main points of ethical case deliberation
- Medical diagnosis
- Nursing Diagnosis
- Patients views and social dimension
- Organisational dimension
- Values; well-being of patients
- Anatomy of patient
- Responsibility of healthcare professional
- Decision making
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Description
Understand medical and bioethical principles, covering respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Bioethics incorporates human rights, consent considerations, and respect for vulnerability. It promotes privacy, equality, cultural diversity, solidarity, and environmental protection.
