Creativity and Innovation PDF

# Creativity and Innovation ## Chapter (5) Creativity approaches **Dr. Mohamed Hamada** ### Methods, techniques, activities #### 1- Generating new ideas: Generating a large number of new ideas to solve a problem. **Ex: (1)** Write the description of the following figure. * (1) * (2) * (1) *...

# Creativity and Innovation ## Chapter (5) Creativity approaches **Dr. Mohamed Hamada** ### Methods, techniques, activities #### 1- Generating new ideas: Generating a large number of new ideas to solve a problem. **Ex: (1)** Write the description of the following figure. * (1) * (2) * (1) * (1) * (2) * (1) * (4) * (3) **Solving ideas:** 1. A square without two upper angles. 2. A triangle on rectangle. 3. A house side. 4. Two halves of rectangles side by side. **Ex.2:** Write the description of the following figure * L **Solving ideas:** 1. L-figure 2. carpenter angle 3. A half-frame 4. Chair without legs. **Ex.3:** How can you divide a square into four equal parts? ### 2- Morphological analysis: Means analyzing any problem according to its important dimensions: 1. Analyze every dimension to variables which are independent elements. 2. Producing some relations to connect among variable or elements. 3. Estimating how a solution is good and useful to be practically applied. ### 3- Creative problem solving: This technique includes three successive processes as following: a) Understanding problem; by collecting enough data and define it accurately. b) Generating ideas; by producing or generating a large number of different ideas. c) Planning for action to reach the ideal solution to the problem. ### 4- Brain storming: This approach established by "Osborn" which is a meeting or session consist of (12-15) persons to produce ideas related to solve certain problem. #### Stages of brain storming: This process has three stages: 1. Explain problem and analyze it to elements, them classify these elements. 2. Leader or manager of the meeting explain how to work and behave. 3. Evaluating and testing ideas to reach new ideas. #### Brain storming meeting or session conditions: 1. A voiding any criticism or correcting to ideas provided by participants. 2. Accepting any idea no matter what is imaginative. 3. Providing or expressing about a large number of ideas. 4. Following and understanding the other ideas. #### Session time: The meeting of brain storming ranges from (15-60) minutes (medium 30). 1. We use this process when we solve a problem with a large number solutions, we don't use this process with problems needing an instant decision. 2. This process deals with problems of technology, engineering, trade and advertisement ... etc. ### 5- Creativity Inquiry #### Definition of Creativity Inquiry: A group of behaviors performed by individual to get a reasonable explanation to a certain phenomenon, or provide solutions to scientific problems, or gain new knowledge and skills. #### Creativity inquiry steps: 1. Present the problem in a question or as hypothesis. 2. Collecting information and data related to the problem. 3. Testing the information and data. 4. Organizing information in tables or recording it In cards or transferring it into charts. 5. Providing evidence and conclusions: in this stage all previous steps are revised and checked to reach a solution and explaining it. 6. Generalization: We apply results and decisions in new situations. ### 6- problem solving: #### Definition: Problem is a situation in which you don't know how to be have towards two conditions one is known, while the other is not. #### Problem elements: Most of scientists agree that problem is a situation determined by three elements: A) Facts: The present or current status when we try to solve the problem. B) Objectives: The situation or status we seek to solve the problem. C) Obstacles: Refer to the difficulties which prevent from achieving or reaching solutions and at the same time we don't have steps to overcome these difficulties. #### Problem solving: It's techniques and approaches which used to solve a problem or bridge the gap between the primary and final status. ### Algorithm: A group of sequential steps to reach the right solving of the problem. #### Mohamed Ibn Moussa Al khowarezmy: He is a muslim Iraqi scientist. His major contributions are in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography and cartography. He invented algebra and wrote a book entitled «Al Jabr wal Muqabla» about the systematic solving of the linear quadratic equations. He invented the concept of Algorithm in math's. He also introduced the concept of zero. #### Steps of problem - solving: 1. Feeling with problem 2. Defining the problem 3. Collecting information related to problem. 4. Supposing hypotheses and choosing the most likely ones-testing, the hypotheses. 5. Reaching the solving of problem. 6. Generalizing the results. 7. Using these results in interpretation. ### Types of problems: Number of researchers classify problems by different criteria, and define problems in different ways. One of these classifications is Reitman (2019) who classified problems into five kinds, according to the clear facts : 1. Problems have clear and definite facts and objectives are clear such as: * You have three glass containers "A, B, C" and it's capacity 8,5, 3 respectively. If the "A" container is full of water while the others are empty ( b, c). how can we spill water from A to b, c equally (4 cups of water) if there aren't any limit in spilling water from one jug to another? * 2. Facts of problem are clear and definite while objectives are not, as: * How to design "Mercedes" 200 to save or rationalize petrol? * Imaging that you are responsible for ads office and you were assigned to write a cultural advertisement to a magazine, suggest magazines name and write the advertisement and how to organize a comprehensive campaign? 3. Facts of problem are not clear or definite while objectives are clear. 4. Facts and objectives of problem are not clear. 5. Insightful problems: these problems have a clear answer but the steps to move from the present or current situations to final one are not clear and we need a great effort to reformulate the problem and solution can be described as sudden and invisible flash. And there is another classifying to problems by (Greeno and Simon, 2023) this classification includes four kinds: 1. **Transformation problems:** * Facts are very clear and desired results as well. * To solve these problems we need to a hierarchy processes by choosing among alternatives of answer. 2. **Arrangement (Organizing) problems** * All elements of problem are mentioned and desired results are described. * To solve these problems we need to organize elements In a proper way by reducing alternatives or possibilities. 3. **Inductive problems:** * Facts are some examples, and we need to discover a general law consistents with the given information. * To solve these problems we need to find a general principle supported by examples. 4. **Deductive problems** * Facts are hypotheses or premises and we need know whether there are specific results related or depend on these hypotheses or not. * To solve these problems we need to apply the inductive conclusion rules and estimating the relation between result and hypotheses. #### Reasons Of mistake in problem solving, Whimbey and lochhead (2022) mentioned a list of reasons which lead to mistake in problem solving, as following: 1. Reading in an inaccurate way. * Reading the subject or matter without understanding it's meaning. * Reading quickly without a complete understand. * Passing an idea or ideas or facts because of giving attention during reading. * Not reading the difficult parts or understand them completely. 2. Thinking in an inaccurate way: * Student does not check or revise the equation he used. * Student does not check or revise the answers or conclusions. * Working quickly leads to commit mistakes. * Inconsistency in explaining words or the processes. * Student does not give priority to the accurate work. * Student may reach a premature conclusion. 3. Weakness and atrophy in analysis the problem: * Student doesn't decompose or undo the complicated problem and he does not begin with the easy part of problem to move to difficult one. * Passing the odd words or strange sentences and not understanding them correctly. * Student doesn't use dictionary even when he needs it. * Student does not write the ideas in the text nor put them in his mind. * Student does not explain the strange words in his own language. * Student does not put an explanation or solution in the light of his previous studying to the problem. 4. Student needs hard working "diligence" * Student does not work hard nor exert enough effort to solve the problem because he does not trust in his ability to solve this problem. * Student thinks superficially and guesses the answer. * He solves problem simultaneously without proper thinking. * He thinks quickly and jumping to answer. 5. Student fails to think in a loud voice: * Student does not think in a loud voice during solving the problem. ### 7- Problem solving by analogy: We use this method to solve problems by using the solutions used in previous similar problems and usually we use this method to solve the mathematical problems ### 8- General strategy to solve the problem : 1. Read the problem through: Take notice of the main words and terms, realizing the context of problem, define the missing, reformulate problems. 2. Solution plans: Draw a figure or model, make table, search for a type. 3. Choose a strategy: Search for a simply problem, guess, suppose a temporary hypothesis, suppose a solution. 4. Apply solution. 5. Revise and check the solution through: Revising the answer, how to improve the solution. ### Decision-making process: #### Definition: It is a complex thinking process seeks to choose the best alternatives or available solving to a certain situation to " achieve the hopeful goal. Decision taking process has many stages: 1. Defining aims or goals clearly. 2. Defining all possible alternatives or solutions. 3. Analyzing alternatives after collecting all related information. 4. Arranging alternatives and possible results In a priority list according to it's benefit. 5. Re estimating the best two or three alternatives in the light of it's hazards and the possible results other the first stage of analysis. 6. Choosing the best alternative from the best three alternatives and get ready to apply. #### Decision classification: Scientists classified decisions as following: 1. Decisions are taken confidently, when every option has a definite result. 2. Decisions are taken with hazard when every option leads to possible results. 3. Decisions are taken with doubts when every option leads to possible results but unknown probabilities. 4. Decisions are taken with doubt and hazard "risks", when individual are not sure from the possibility of results, but at the same time he has data which enable him to estimate the success of every option. #### *The relation between decision making and problem solving: There are many similarities between decisions making and problem solving. Both of them include a series of steps beginning with a problem and ends with solution. Both of them include estimating the various alternatives and solutions in the light of selected criteria to reach a final decisions. But the main difference is perceiving solving. In problem solving, one has not a clear answer and tries reaching a practical and accepted solving to the problem, while in decision making individual may start with a probable solutions but he wants to reach the best ones to achieve his goals. There are another differences: 1. Social customs and traditions play an important role in decisions making. 2. In decision making, alternatives are being estimated at one time and not step by step as in problem solving. 3. In decision making we use qualitative and quantitative criteria to know how proper will be the alternative. 4. In decision making there is no one right alternative objectively, but there may be more than one acceptable solution.