Building Construction Methods PDF

**LESSON 1: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHODS** 1. SURVEY AND STAKING 2. EARTHWORKS 3. REBAR WORKS 4. FORMWORKS AND FALSEWORKS 5. CONCRETING WORKS 6. MASONRY WORKS 7. WATERPROOFING 8. STEEL / METAL WORKS 9. MEPFS 10. FINISHING WORKS 1. **SURVEY AND STAKING** - To stake out refere...

**LESSON 1: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHODS** 1. SURVEY AND STAKING 2. EARTHWORKS 3. REBAR WORKS 4. FORMWORKS AND FALSEWORKS 5. CONCRETING WORKS 6. MASONRY WORKS 7. WATERPROOFING 8. STEEL / METAL WORKS 9. MEPFS 10. FINISHING WORKS 1. **SURVEY AND STAKING** - To stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. - **Equipment used for this activity:** 1. TOTAL STATION 2. STADIA ROD 3. PRISM ROD 2. **EARTHWORKS** - Construction of most buildings and would involve the removal of overburden to reach structurally capable earth or soil, excavation for basements and other underground structures, and to make structural fills to support floors. - Process of removing all vegetation from the property to prepare the construction jobsite for a new building or structure - **Equipment used for this activity:** 4. BULLDOZER 5. PAYLOADER 6. EXCAVATOR **Excavation** - the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or explosives - **Equipment used for this activity:** 1. EXCAVATOR 2. BACKHOE **Backfill and Disposal** - **BACKFILL** is the process of putting the soil back into a trench or foundation once excavation, and the related work has been completed. - **Equipment used for this activity:** 1. EXCAVATOR 2. BACKHOE 3. SKID STEERER 4. DUMP TRUCK **Grading** - engineering process that adjusts the slope and soil elevation around a construction site before building. - **Equipment used for this activity:** 1. MOTOR GRADER 2. BULLDOZER **Compaction** - the method of mechanically increasing the density of soil - **Equipment used for this activity:** 1. SMOOTH DRUM ROLLER 2. WALK BEHIND COMPACTOR 3. PLATE COMPACTOR 4. SHEEP FOOT ROLLER 5. TAMPERING RAMMER 3. **REBAR WORKS** - Method that adds long-term strength to the concrete used to build foundations, walls, pools, pads and other structures - **It includes:** 7. Fabrication 8. Installation 4. **FORMWORKS / FALSEWORKS** - **Formwork or concrete forms** -- are often panels that can be attached together to form a mould in the desired location on site. - **Falsework or shoring** -- is a temporary structure that is used to support formwork in a horizontal position. - **Types of Formworks:** 9. PLYBOARD / PHENOLIC 10. PLASTIC 11. STEEL 5. **CONCRETING WORKS** - Construction process that involve: 12. Preparation of the concrete mix 13. Delivery of the mix to the construction site feeding, distribution 1. MANUAL (BY PAIL) 2. DIRECT POURING 3. BY CONCRETE BUCKET 4. BY PLACING BOOM 5. BY PUMPCRETE 14. Compaction of the mix in the formworks Equipment used for this activity: 1. ONE-BAGGER MIXER 2. BATCHING PLANT 3. CONCRETE MIXER TRUCK 4. MOBILE PUMPCRETE 5. STATIONARY PUMPCRETE 6. SELF-LOADING MIXER TRUCK 7. CONCRETE BUCKET 8. PLACING BOOM 9. CONCRETE VIBRATOR 15. Curing of the concrete 6. **MASONRY WORKS** - **MASONRY** is used to indicate the art of building a structure in either stones or bricks. The masonry wall is built of individual blocks of materials such as stones, bricks, concrete, hollow blocks usually in horizontal courses cemented together with some form of mortar. 7. **WATERPROOFING** - It involves creating an impervious barrier across important surfaces within and outside the home to prevent water from getting inside. - **Types of Waterproofing:** 16. BITUMINOUS WATERPROOFING 17. TORCH MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING 18. POLYURETHANE WATERPROOFING 19. CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING 20. LIQUID MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING - It involves creating an impervious barrier across important surfaces within and outside the home to prevent water from getting inside. 8. **STEEL / METAL WORKS** 9. **MEPFS** - Disciplines that encompass the systems that allow building interiors to be suitable for human use and occupancy. - Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, Fire Safety 10. **FINISHING WORKS** 21. Roofing 22. Wall Finishes 23. Floor Finishes 24. Windows 25. Doors 26. Installation of Electrical and Plumbing Fixtures **OTHER EQUIPMENT USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION** 1. CRANES (Tower / Mobile) 2. DRILLING RIG **LESSON 2: ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND TECHNOLOGY** INNOVATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 1. **PROGRAMS / SOFTWARE** 1. **ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING** - Efficient and intelligent decision-making has notable effects on productivity and safety. **Benefits:** 1. Improved Safety - Risk Assessment 2. Decreased Cost - Proposed more effective timelines 3. Better Design - AUTOCAD, Multiple designs 2. **AUGMENTED REALITY** It is a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world. Thus, providing a composite view. It can provide engineers on site peaks of: 1. Automate measurements - It can help construction workers accurately follow building plans. 2. Visualize modifications - The contractor can visualize potential changes before committing to them 3. Provide safety information - By recognizing hazards in the environment - Real time information 3. **RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE** - Used to manage the human capital and schedule of an organization - Managing resources and work force are expensive in a construction company. Effective workforce management can help company keeps operation running smoothly, optimize resource allocation, and avoid unexpected expenses as well as delays. **TYPICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE:** 1. MS PROJECT (Beginner friendly) 2. PRIMAVERA (More detailed) 4. **SENSOR DATA** Sensors in construction provide the capability to track different construction processes and aspects. If you're going to track a material to the supply chain. It also can improve the ability to stick on project timelines and better communication with clients by providing on-site conditions, data for stakeholders, for everyone including the construction group. **Purpose of Sensors in Construction:** 1. Monitor Site Conditions 2. Enhance Equipment and Material Management 3. Improve Worker Safety 4. Empower Better Facility Management 5. Quality Control / Assurance Measures Concrete bago ibuhos, **32 degree Celsius or lower** dapat ang temperature 5. **ADVANCE TAKEOFF AND ESTIMATING TOOLS** Planswift file estimates area, length of electrical conduits (in linear meters) lagyan ng unit cost, meron nang total cost. Advance take off and estimating tools help to produce competitive bids to get a project. 6. **DIGITAL TWINS / DIGITAL AS-BUILTS** As you progress in the construction, digital as-builts provide real-time development of the structure from ground zero to complete structure - Virtual replica of a physical asset that gives real-time data in all phases of construction and maintenance - Visual representation of your accomplishment in construction site - When we report physical accomplishments, it is usually derived from bill of materials/bill of quantities (scheduled accomplishments vs actual accomplishments) - It can be used to predict carbon footprint, simulates scenarios and collect real time data via installed **sensors**. 7. **BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)** Building information modeling is useful for all stages of construction: 1. Before construction. 2. During construction 3. After construction **2. METHODS AND MATERIALS** 1. **SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS** 1. Reduce carbon emissions 2. Reduce construction costs 3. Improve structural energy efficiency 4. Increase property value 2. **PREFABRICATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION** - Improved productivity, improved quality, and increased schedule certainty compared with traditional construction methods 1. Precast Flat Panel System 2. 3D Volumetric Modules 3. Flat Slab Construction 4. Precast Cladding Panels 5. Twin Wall Technology 6. Precast Concrete Foundation **LESSON 3: BUILDING SITEWORKS AND SUBSTRUCTURES** **INTRODUCTION** - What is Substructure and Superstructure of a building? **SITE AND TEMPORARY WORKS** - Temporary works provide an engineered solution that is used to support or protect either a structure during construction, an item of plant or equipment, the sides of an excavation during construction operations or to provide access. Examples of Site and Temporary Works 1. Site clearing 2. Site Fencing and Hoarding 3. Temporary Facilities 4. Cut and Fill for high/low areas 5. Excavations 6. Compaction of soil 7. Removing existing utilities, 8. Installation of temporary lighting; water; or gas supply, 9. Temporary drainage to the site 10. Temporary pavement Temporary works to provide structural support include: 1. Shoring for excavations 2. Propping for walls and floors 3. Falsework for above ground concrete pours 4. Scaffolds for access 5. Haul roads and working platforms for plant including cranes 6. Permanent works used for temporary purposes during construction **EXCAVATION** - Excavation work generally means work involving the removal of soil or rock from a site to form an open face, hole or cavity, using tools, machinery or explosives WHAT TO CONSIDER? - Excavation in most situations nowadays is done by mechanical means. However, the exact method to be adopted still depends upon a number of factors: 1. Nature of Subsoil 2. Size of Excavation 3. Scale of Works 4. Ground Water Condition 5. Surrounding Condition TYPES OF EXCAVATION 1. Full Open Cut Method 2. Bracing Excavation Method 3. Anchored Excavation Methods 4. Island Excavation Methods 5. Zoned Excavation Methods 6. Top Down Excavation Methods 1. FULL OPEN CUT METHOD 2. BRACING EXCAVATION METHOD  3. ANCHORED EXCAVATION METHOD  4. ISLAND EXCAVATION METHOD 5. ZONE EXCAVATION METHOD  6. TOP DOWN EXCAVATION METHOD **TEMPORARY EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES** SHEET PILING - SHEET PILES are sections of sheet steel with interlocking edges (or clutches) that are driven into the ground to provide earth retention and excavation support. This method is adopted when: 1. Soil to be excavated is soft or loose 2. Depth of excavation is large 3. Width of trench is also large 4. Presence of water in subsoil DIAPHRAGM WALL - DIAPHRAGM WALL is constructed using a trench excavated in ground and supported by a mud fluids (typically bentonite or polymer mud) until the mud is replaced by concrete, after the steel cage installation. Construction Methodology  GRABS TRENCH CUTTER Applications: 1. Deep basements 2. Underground carparks and railway stations 3. Tunnel approaches 4. Underpasses 5. Shafts for tunnel ventilation 6. Pump stations UNDERPINNING - The process of placing a new foundation under an existing one or strengthening an existing foundation is called underpinning of foundation Methods: 1. PIT METHOD - involves extending the old foundation till it reaches a stable stratum 2. PILE METHOD - piles are driven on adjacent sides of the wall that supports the weak foundation **FOUNDATIONS** - In construction, foundations are generally known as the structures below a building\'s columns. They are responsible for ensuring the stability of their structures by transferring its weight to the ground. TWO TYPES: 1. SHALLOW 2. DEEP  SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS SPREAD FOOTING COMBINED FOOTING SPREAD FOOTING - A footing in building construction that is shallow in proportion to its width COMBINED FOOTING - used while construction of two or more columns when they are close to each other and their overlap.  STRIP FOOTING MATT FOOTING STRIP FOOTING - Shallow foundation type, usually boasting a founding level that is no greater than 3m from the ground surface. MATT FOOTING - a large rectangular continuous or circular concrete slab that carries the entire load of the superstructure and spreads it over the whole area beneath the building DEEP FOUNDATIONS PILE FOUNDATION Classification of Pile 1. According to Function (BEARING; FRICTION) 2. According to Material (CONCRETE; TIMBER; STEEL; COMPOSITE) CONCRETE PILES are manufactured by following two types:  PRECAST CAST IN PLACE Methodology  PRECAST CAST IN PLACE **LESSON 4: BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURES** **COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURE** 1. SUPERSTRUCTURE - is a part of a building built above the foundation **CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY** 1. COLUMNS - Rigid vertical structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads coming from beams and slabs and then transfer it to ground through footing.  LAY OUT OF COLUMNS  REINFORCING COLUMNS  Installation of Concrete Spacers REINFORCING COLUMNS: Guidelines 1. Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars 2. Spacing between vertical bars 3. Check Development length which depends on diameter of bar 4. Lapping in alternate bars should come at same height. 5. Lapping should not come inside beam or slab. 6. Lapping should be at l/3 or 2l/3 of column as per structural notes 7. Spacing between stirrups is as per the drawing 8. Hook should be bend properly at right angles. 9. Check the stirrups corner. Vertical bar should come at right angle edge of stirrup properly bound with binding wire. FORMWORKS & FALSEWORKS  FORMWORKS &FALSEWORKS: Guidelines - To hold the concrete forms firmly in place and for proper alignment a concrete pad called starter is cast before fixing the shuttering. The thickness is about 45 mm to 60 mm and dimensions are precisely the same as the dimensions of proposed column. - Column box or shuttering for columns is made of plywood sheets or steel sheets fabricated with adequate stiffeners. - Forms should be maintained by application of form oil. - Forms should be properly aligned to its verticality and diagonals to be checked to ensure accuracy in dimensions. - Formwork has to be thoroughly supported with props size before pouring the concrete so that it does not moves horizontally or vertically during concreting. - The gaps near the shuttered joints should be sealed - Appropriate space is to be provided in the inner face of the shutter and reinforcement by fixing cover blocks of about 40mm. - It is preferable to remove shutters after 24 hrs. of casting and if they need to be removed earlier, it should not be removed within sixteen hours. - The removal of forms has to be done gently without jerks so that edges of columns are not damaged. CONCRETING WORKS 1. Manual 2. Concrete Bucket 3. Manual Line Pump CONCRETING WORKS - For less quantity machine mix concrete is done and for larger quantity ready mix concrete (RMC) is ordered. - Concrete should be poured up to slab bottom; the remaining column gets concreted during pouring of slab & beam. - Mechanical vibrator to be compulsorily used in the column but excess vibration can cause segregation. Each layer should be thoroughly compacted. - Target slump to be 160 mm. - Height of pouring concrete should not exceed 1.5 m. - Construction joint should be avoided in the column. - Proper cover as per structural drawings to be maintained. - Temperature should be below 32 degree Celsius while pouring concrete. - After the pouring of concrete and vibrating it with the help of a vibrator the horizontality and verticality of column to be checked POST - CONCRETING WORKS - Column formworks are removed 2 calendar days after concrete pouring - Curing process can be done by wrapping the newly constructed column by water retaining mats (e.g. burlaps) and then spraying water on a daily basis. 2. BEAMS - In building construction, a beam is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying a load RCC Beam can be placed in the following four phases: - Formwork - Bending and binding steel bars - Placing of cement concrete - Curing POST - CONCRETING WORKS - Side forms of a newly casted beam can be removed after 24 hours while its centering is removed after 14 calendar days to 28 calendar days. - Curing process can be done by wrapping the newly constructed beams by water retaining mats (e.g. burlaps) and then spraying water on a daily basis. 3. SLAB Kind of Slab in a Building  Slab on Grade Suspended Slab RCC slab placement is done in the following 4 phases: - Formwork - Bending and Binding Steel Bars - Positioning of steel bars - Placement of cement concrete Spacer: 20mm (minimum) POST - CONCRETING WORKS - Bottom forms of a newly poured slab can be removed min. 14-21 days after Shoring will be retained up to 28 calendar days. - Curing process can be done by laying water retaining mats (e.g. burlaps) and then spraying water (maintain saturated condition) or curing compound. - Rate of application (curing compound) (4 L / 14 sq.m) 4. WALLS \ Reinforced Concrete Wall Masonry Wall MASONRY WALLS 1. Setting of Corner Block 2. Application of Mortar inside 3. Placing of Mortar 4. Lay the Concrete Hollow Blocks 5. After three (3) layers, horizontal reinforcement is installed 6. Check the alignment 7. Plastering works \*\*Steps 2-6: Repeat the process RC WALLS CONCRETING WORKS - Concrete pouring begins after formwork and its ties, pins and wedges are adequately fixed. - Suitable measures are considered to prevent leakages. - After that, oil applied for the formwork surface. - Then, fresh concrete is poured using pumps or any other appropriate techniques. - Concrete need to be compacted during placement and shall be worked around embedded items and reinforcement and into corners of forms. - If stay-in-place forms are used, concrete shall be consolidated by internal vibration. KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER