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Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact GROUP 4 TYPES OF METAL AND THEIR USE METHODS OF JOINING METALS METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENTS WOOD COMPOSITES (Plywood & Boards) Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us...

Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact GROUP 4 TYPES OF METAL AND THEIR USE METHODS OF JOINING METALS METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENTS WOOD COMPOSITES (Plywood & Boards) Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Meet Our Reporters Iverson Edpalina Junette Opalla Gwen Lao Christopher Cedenio Dorothy Jane Reyes Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Metal and their Use WHAT IS METAL: METAL IS A CLASS OF SUBSTANCES CHARACTERIZED BY HIGH ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND MALLEABILITY, DUCTILITY, AND HIGH REFLECTIVITY OF LIGHT. TYPES OF METAL: 1. STEEL: IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DUE TO ITS HIGH STRENGTH, DURABILITY AND RELATIVELY LOW COST. TYPES OF STEEL: 1. CARBON STEEL: IS A COMBINATION OF IRON AND CARBON. THE PERCENTAGE OF CARBON IS VARIED TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT QUALITIES OF STEEL.  2. ALLOY STEEL: ARE PRODUCED FROM CARBON STEEL AND ONE OR MORE ALLOYING ELEMENTS. 3. GALVANISED STEEL: THIS CAN BE USED TO HELP PREVENT STEEL FROM CORRODING. THIS INVOLVES COATING STEEL IN ZINC. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Metal and their Use 2. ALUMINUM ALUMINUM IS A LIGHTWEIGHT, SILVER-COLORED METAL THAT IS ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH'S CRUST. IT IS EXTRACTED FROM BAUXITE ORE THROUGH A REFINING PROCESS AND CAN BE ALLOYED WITH OTHER METALS SUCH AS MAGNESIUM AND SILICON TO IMPROVE ITS PROPERTIES. USES: FREQUENTLY USED IN CURTAIN WALLS, WINDOW FRAMES, ROOFING, AND CLADDING. IDEAL FOR LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES, SUCH AS AIRCRAFT AND VEHICLE COMPONENTS. WIDELY USED IN HVAC AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Metal and their Use 3. COPPER COPPER IS A REDDISH-BROWN METAL KNOWN FOR ITS HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY. IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST METALS USED BY HUMANS AND IS FOUND IN NATURE IN ITS ELEMENTAL FORM. USES: PRIMARILY USED IN ELECTRICAL WIRING, PLUMBING, AND ROOFING. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS IN BUILDINGS DUE TO ITS COLOR AND PATINA. USED IN WATER PIPES AND HVAC SYSTEMS. 4. IRON IRON IS BROADLY REFERS TO IRON BASED MATERIALS AND ALLOYS USED IN BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURAL APPLICATION. TYPES OF IRON: WROUGHT IRON: A FORM OF IRON WITH LOW CARBON CONTENT, KNOWN FOR ITS MALLEABILITY AND ABILITY TO BE FORGED INTO DECORATIVE SHAPES. CAST IRON: AN IRON ALLOY WITH A HIGHER CARBON CONTENT, MAKING IT BRITTLE BUT STRONG UNDER COMPRESSION. USES: COMMONLY USED IN STRUCTURAL USES IN HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS. DECORATIVE RAILINGS, GATES, AND FENCES. MANHOLE COVERS, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, AND PIPING. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Metal and their Use 5. TITANIUM TITANIUM IS A STRONG, LIGHTWEIGHT METAL THAT IS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO CORROSION, EVEN IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS LIKE SEAWATER OR ACIDIC CONDITIONS. USES: USED IN HIGH-END ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS FOR CLADDING AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. COMMONLY USED IN AEROSPACE, MARINE, AND MEDICAL INDUSTRIES. OCCASIONALLY USED FOR ROOFING AND WALL PANELS IN SPECIALIZED BUILDINGS. 6. ZINC ZINC IS A BLUISH-SILVER METAL KNOWN FOR ITS EXCELLENT CORROSION RESISTANCE. IT IS OFTEN USED AS A PROTECTIVE COATING (GALVANIZATION) FOR OTHER METALS LIKE STEEL, PREVENTING RUST AND EXTENDING THEIR LIFESPAN. USES: COMMONLY USED IN ROOFING, CLADDING, GUTTERS, AND DOWNSPOUTS. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Metal and their Use 7. LEAD LEAD IS A DENSE, SOFT, AND MALLEABLE METAL THAT IS RESISTANT TO CORROSION. IT HAS BEEN USED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, THOUGH ITS USE IS LIMITED TODAY DUE TO CONCERNS ABOUT ITS TOXICITY, PARTICULARLY IN WATER SYSTEMS. USES: HISTORICALLY USED IN PLUMBING, BUT NOW REPLACED DUE TO TOXICITY CONCERNS. COMMONLY USED IN ROOF FLASHING TO PREVENT WATER PENETRATION. RADIATION SHIELDING IN HOSPITALS AND RESEARCH FACILITIES. 8. BRASS (COPPER-ZINC ALLOY) BRASS IS AN ALLOY OF COPPER AND ZINC, OFFERING GREATER HARDNESS AND STRENGTH THAN PURE COPPER, WHILE STILL RETAINING ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE AND AESTHETIC QUALITIES. USES: PLUMBING FIXTURES, DOOR HANDLES, AND ARCHITECTURAL ACCENTS. ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS AND MECHANICAL PARTS DUE TO THEIR DURABILITY. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS IN BUILDINGS AND INTERIOR DESIGN.  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Methods of Joining Metals THE AVAILABLE METAL JOINING METHODS COMES UNDER TWO MAIN CATEGORIES. METHODS OF JOINING THEY INCLUDE: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF ENGINEERING, SERVING VARIOUS INDUSTRIES AS AN ESSENTIAL TECHNIQUE. IT SERVES THE PURPOSE OF FUSING OR ATTACHING METAL Fusion process PIECES TOGETHER TO OBTAIN AN INTEGRATED, SOLID OBJECT. BASIC OF METAL JOINING IS A PROCESS USED TO COMBINE OR FUSE TWO OR MORE PIECES OF METAL. IT'S A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT IN MANUFACTURING Solid state process AND CONSTRUCTION, FROM ASSEMBLING MACHINES AND VEHICLES TO BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Essential Components for Joining Metals  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Methods of Metal Joining SOLDERING WELDING SOLDERING ALSO WELDING INVOLVES THE USES A FILLER METAL. FUSION OF TWO METALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. ADHESIVE BRAZING BONDING BRAZING USES A FILLER ADHESIVE BONDING METAL WITH A MELTING INVOLVES THE USE OF POINT LOWER THAN THE AN ADHESIVE TO BOND BASE METAL. TWO PIECES OF METAL TOGETHER. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Metals for Concrete Reinforcement STEEL AS THE PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT METAL IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT: STRUCTURAL ENHANCEMENT: STEEL REINFORCEMENT IS CRUCIAL IN ADDING TENSILE STRENGTH TO CONCRETE, WHICH INHERENTLY HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW TENSILE STRENGTH. CRACK CONTROL: HELPS IN CONTROLLING CRACKING CAUSED BY SHRINKAGE, TEMPERATURE CHANGES, AND STRUCTURAL LOADING. LOAD DISTRIBUTION: DISTRIBUTES LOADS ACROSS THE STRUCTURE, ENSURING IT CAN BEAR MORE SIGNIFICANT STRESSES WITHOUT FAILURE.  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact FORMS OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT REBARS (REINFORCING BARS): PLAIN BARS: WELDED WIRE MESH (WWM): -DEFORMED BARS: FEATURE A RIBBED SMOOTH-SURFACED BARS, LESS APPLICATIONS: COMMONLY USED IN SURFACE FOR BETTER MECHANICAL COMMONLY USED BUT SUITABLE FOR SLABS, WALLS, PAVEMENTS, AND PRECAST ANCHORAGE IN CONCRETE, MINIMIZING TEMPORARY STRUCTURES OR WHEN SLIP ELEMENTS FOR EVEN LOAD DISTRIBUTION THE RISK OF SLIPPAGE. IS REQUIRED BETWEEN CONCRETE AND AND TO CONTROL SHRINKAGE CRACKS. REINFORCEMENT.  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact FORMS OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT STEEL FIBERS: APPLICATIONS: SHORT STEEL FIBERS ARE MIXED DIRECTLY INTO THE CONCRETE MATRIX. THEY ENHANCE THE TOUGHNESS, IMPACT RESISTANCE, AND POST-CRACKING BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Steel Used in Reinforcement CARBON STEEL: CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF IRON AND CARBON, WITH VARYING AMOUNTS OF MANGANESE, SILICON, AND OTHER ELEMENTS. TYPES: LOW CARBON STEEL: MORE DUCTILE, EASIER TO BEND AND WELD. HIGH CARBON STEEL: HIGHER TENSILE STRENGTH BUT LESS DUCTILE. ADVANTAGES: COST-EFFECTIVE AND READILY AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS SHAPES AND SIZES. COMPATIBLE WITH CONCRETE’S THERMAL EXPANSION PROPERTIES, REDUCING THE RISK OF CRACKING. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Steel Used in Reinforcement STAINLESS STEEL: CONTAINS CHROMIUM (AT LEAST 10.5%), WHICH FORMS A PASSIVE OXIDE LAYER ON THE SURFACE, ENHANCING CORROSION RESISTANCE. ADVANTAGES: SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE, REDUCING MAINTENANCE COSTS AND EXTENDING THE LIFESPAN OF STRUCTURES. HIGHER STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO, OFFERING POTENTIAL FOR WEIGHT SAVINGS IN DESIGN. APPLICATIONS: IDEAL FOR ENVIRONMENTS EXPOSED TO CHLORIDES AND CHEMICALS, SUCH AS MARINE STRUCTURES, SWIMMING POOLS, AND CHEMICAL PLANTS. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Steel Used in Reinforcement GALVANIZED STEEL: INVOLVES COATING STEEL WITH A LAYER OF ZINC THROUGH HOT-DIPPING OR ELECTRO-GALVANIZING. ZINC ACTS AS A SACRIFICIAL ANODE, PROTECTING THE STEEL FROM CORROSION BY CORRODING ITSELF FIRST. ADVANTAGES: PROVIDES MODERATE CORROSION RESISTANCE, PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE IN ENVIRONMENTS WITH EXPOSURE TO MOISTURE AND MODERATE CHLORIDE LEVELS. OFFERS PROTECTION FOR CUTS AND SCRATCHES DUE TO THE SELF-HEALING NATURE OF THE ZINC COATING. APPLICATIONS: COMMONLY USED IN HIGHWAY GUARDRAILS, PARKING GARAGES, AND STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO MILD CORROSIVE CONDITIONS. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Types of Steel Used in Reinforcement EPOXY-COATED STEEL: INVOLVES APPLYING A PROTECTIVE EPOXY LAYER TO STEEL BARS, TYPICALLY THROUGH ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING. ADVANTAGES: PROVIDES AN EFFECTIVE BARRIER AGAINST CHLORIDE IONS AND MOISTURE, SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCING THE RISK OF CORROSION. EXTENDS THE SERVICE LIFE OF STRUCTURES IN ENVIRONMENTS WITH EXPOSURE TO DEICING SALTS OR SEAWATER. APPLICATIONS: WIDELY USED IN BRIDGE DECKS, MARINE STRUCTURES, AND AREAS WHERE CHLORIDEINDUCED CORROSION IS A CONCERN.  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact OTHER METALS AND ALLOYS IN CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT HIGH-STRENGTH ALLOYS: CHROMIUM STEEL ALLOYS: ENHANCED CORROSION RESISTANCE AND STRENGTH. NICKEL ALLOYS: PROVIDE DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS. ALUMINUM IN REINFORCEMENT (RARE USAGE): PROPERTIES: LIGHTWEIGHT AND CORROSION-RESISTANT BUT LESS COMMONLY USED DUE TO HIGH COST AND DIFFERENT BONDING CHARACTERISTICS WITH CONCRETE. USAGE: SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS WHERE WEIGHT SAVINGS ARE CRITICAL. COPPER ALLOYS: PROPERTIES: HIGH CORROSION RESISTANCE BUT HIGH COST LIMITS USAGE. USAGE: POTENTIAL FOR SPECIALIZED NICHE APPLICATIONS Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Wood Composites: Plywood and Plyboard WOOD COMPOSITES, LIKE PLYWOOD AND PLYBOARD, ARE ENGINEERED PRODUCTS MADE BY COMBINING WOOD LAYERS OR PARTICLES WITH ADHESIVES. THEY ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN CONSTRUCTION, FURNITURE-MAKING, AND OTHER APPLICATIONS WHERE NATURAL WOOD IS LESS SUITABLE DUE TO COST, DURABILITY, OR AVAILABILITY. PLYWOOD ENGINEERED WOOD MADE BY GLUING THIN LAYERS OF WOOD VENEER TOGETHER, WITH LAYERS ORIENTED AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER FOR STRENGTH. MADE FROM SOFTWOODS OR HARDWOODS. VENEERS ARE PEELED OR SLICED FROM LOGS, DRIED, LAYERED WITH ADHESIVE, AND PRESSED UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE TO FORM A SINGLE SHEET.  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Wood Composites: Plywood and Plyboard TYPES OF PLYWOOD: SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD: STRONG, DURABLE, MADE FROM SOFTWOOD (PINE, FIR), USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS LIKE SHEATHING AND ROOFING. HARDWOOD PLYWOOD: MADE FROM HARDWOOD (OAK, MAPLE), SMOOTH FINISH, IDEAL FOR FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE PANELS. MARINE PLYWOOD: WATER-RESISTANT, DURABLE, USED IN BOAT BUILDING AND AREAS EXPOSED TO MOISTURE. EXTERIOR PLYWOOD: DESIGNED FOR OUTDOOR USE, WEATHER-RESISTANT, USED IN SIDING AND OUTDOOR STRUCTURES. INTERIOR PLYWOOD: USED INDOORS, SMOOTH SURFACE, SUITABLE FOR WALLS, CEILINGS, AND FURNITURE. STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD: LOAD-BEARING, STRONG, USED IN FLOOR SHEATHING AND ROOFING. FLEXIBLE PLYWOOD: BENDABLE, USED IN CURVED FURNITURE AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES. EXAMPLES OF USAGE: CONSTRUCTION: SHEATHING FOR WALLS, ROOFS, AND FLOORS. FURNITURE: CABINETS, SHELVES, DOORS. INTERIOR DESIGN: DECORATIVE PANELS, PARTITIONS, FLOORING.  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact PLYBOARD ALSO KNOWN AS BLOCKBOARD, A COMPOSITE WOOD PRODUCT WITH A CORE OF SOFTWOOD STRIPS (E.G., PINE, POPLAR) SANDWICHED BETWEEN TWO LAYERS OF VENEER OR MDF (MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD). CORE MADE FROM SOFTWOOD STRIPS; OUTER LAYERS ARE VENEER OR MDF. SOFTWOOD STRIPS ARE GLUED EDGE-TO-EDGE TO FORM THE CORE, WHICH IS THEN SANDWICHED BETWEEN VENEER OR MDF LAYERS AND BONDED UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE. COMMON SIZES DIMENSIONS: 4X8 FEET (1.22X2.44 METERS) THICKNESS: 12MM (1/2 INCH), 18MM (3/4 INCH), 25MM (1 INCH)  Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact Wood Composites: Plywood and Plyboard PLYBOARD TYPES: MDF (MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD): SMOOTH, BLOCKBOARD: SOLID WOOD EASY TO MACHINE, USED IN CORE, LIGHTWEIGHT, USED FOR DOORS AND PARTITIONS. CABINET DOORS AND MOLDINGS. PARTICLE BOARD: MADE OSB (ORIENTED STRAND FROM WOOD CHIPS, BOARD): MADE FROM WOOD ECONOMICAL BUT LESS STRANDS, STRONGER THAN DURABLE, USED IN CABINETRY PARTICLE BOARD, USED IN AND INTERIOR PANELS. SHEATHING AND FLOORING. Building Technology 4 Home Service About Us Contact THANK YOU