Building Technology 5 Reviewer PDF

**CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS** **Curtain Wall** - was first used to **describe the outer wall of medieval fortifications.** - Its use in a more contemporary sense is seen in Gothic cathedrals with their large expanses of lightly framed glass walls between load-bearing buttresses. - T...

**CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS** **Curtain Wall** - was first used to **describe the outer wall of medieval fortifications.** - Its use in a more contemporary sense is seen in Gothic cathedrals with their large expanses of lightly framed glass walls between load-bearing buttresses. - Today the term curtain wall is defined in most literature to be any building wall of any material that is designed to resist lateral loads due to wind or earthquake and its own self weight. - In other words, the curtain wall is a non-load-bearing wall. **PARTS OF CURTAIN WALL** **ANCHOR** -- any of various metal devices used in curtail wall construction to secure a frame or panel to the building structure, usually allowing for adjustment in three dimensions. **GIRT** -- a horizontal member spanning between exterior columns to support wall sheathing or cladding. **SAFING** -- a noncombustible material placed in an opening to prevent the passage of fire, as between a curtain wall and a spandrel beam. **SPANDREL BEAM** -- a beam spanning between columns and supporting the outer edge of a floor or roof. **BACKUP WALL** -- an assembly of materials used behind a curtain wall to provide the required degree of fire resistance. **SPANDREL** -- a panel-like area in a multistory frame building between the sill of a window on one level and the head of a window immediately below. Also, ***spandril.*** **TYPES OF PANEL CURTAIN WALL** 1. **STICK TYPE SYSTEM** - A curtain wall system in which tubular metal mullions and rails are assembled piece by piece on site to frame vision glass and spandrel units. - Schematic of typical version: 1. Anchors 2. Mullion 3. Horizontal rail (gutter section at window head) 4. Spandrel panel (may be installed from inside building) 5. Horizontal rail (window sill section) 6. Vision glass (installed from inside building) 7. Interior mullion trim - **SPANDREL GLASS** -- An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass. 2. **UNIT AND MULLION SYSTEM** - A curtain wall system in which one or two storey high mullions are installed before preassembled wall units are lowered into place behind the mullions. - The framed wall units may be pre-glazed or glazed after installation. - Schematic of typical version: 1. Anchors 2. Mullion (either one -- or two -- story lengths) 3. Pre -- assembled unit -- lowered into place behind mullion floor above 4. Interior mullion trim - Other variations: Framed units may be full-story, either unglazed or pre-glazed, or may be separate spandrel cover units and vision glass units. Horizontal rail sections are sometimes used between units. 3. **UNIT SYSTEM** - A curtain wall system consisting of preassembled, framed wall units that may be pre-glazed or glazed after installation. - Schematic of typical version: 1. Anchor 2. Pre -- assembled framed unit - Other variations: Mullion sections may be interlocking "split" type or may be channel shapes with applied inside and outside joint covers. Units may be unglazed when installed or may be pre-glazed. Spandrel panel may be either at top or bottom. - **PANEL SYSTEM** -- a curtain wall system consisting of preformed metal, cut stone, precast concrete, or panelized brick wall units, which may be pre-glazed or glazed after installation. 4. **COLUMN COVER AND SPANDREL SYSTEM** - A curtain wall system in which vision glass assemblies and spandrel units are supported by spandrel beams between exterior columns clad with cover section. - Schematic of typical version: 1. Column cover section 2. Spandrel panel 3. Glazing infill - Other variations: Column covers may be one piece or an assembly, may be of any cross-sectional profile, and either one or two stories in height. Spandrel panel may be plain, textured or patterned. Glazing infill may be a pre-assembly, either glazed or unglazed, or be assembled in place. **ANCHORS** - Curtain wall anchors connect the wall to the building and can be broadly grouped as both gravity and lateral load anchors (fixed) or as just lateral load anchors (slotted). - Aside from their primary load carrying function anchors must be designed to allow for adjustment to site conditions and, in the case of lateral load anchors, allow adequate vertical movement but no out-of-plane movement. - **Concrete Embedded** - come in a variety of designs and, aside from a few proprietary anchor systems, there is little standardization across the industry. - There is no best type of embed for all conditions. - Top edge of slab anchors is the most common (A, B). - Anchors cast into pockets are more expensive but when grouted over, simplify floor finishes (B). - Slab edge anchors require careful control of slab edge tolerances. - Under slab anchors are usually only used at special conditions (D). - Given the interior location of the embed, the use of galvanizing is an excessive practice in most instances. - **Common anchor in many sticks erected curtain wall systems** - and has a long record of proven performance. - The anchor consists of a cut steel angle welded to the mounting surface of the embed. - The angle is roughly positioned and tacked in place during initial layout. - The angle has a cut hole in the vertical leg that allows some vertical and lateral movement of the anchor bolt. - The anchor bolt is set through an anchor block internal to the mullion tube and through the cut hole in the angle. - A rectangular steel washer plate on the anchor bolt is welded in position to fix the bolt and framing position. - Welding and locking of the anchor bolt nut are the final activities in the fixing of the anchor. - Welds require final inspection as they are a structural element and painting is recommended as minimal corrosion protection. - **More sophisticated anchor** - Is most commonly found in unitized wall systems. - It eliminates field welding through the use of a pre-welded threaded stud on the embed, extruded aluminum mounting lugs and a separate dead load fixing screw. - Aside from typical slab edge anchors, a curtain wall that extends to grade often requires internal anchoring to the structure. - These anchors are often cut from aluminum extrusions or may be built-up plate/angle assemblies. - Such anchorage must satisfy the same constraints as slab edge anchors. - In addition, given the termination of the system, air seal closures require special attention. **GLASS** - behaves differently to most other construction materials and as a consequence its design involves a number of special considerations. - can be used as a structural member as it is strong and rigid. - will behave elastically until failure. - However, the brittle nature of glass results in dramatic fracture at either high stress or at a flaw. - The usual application of flat glass in curtain walls involved wind-loading perpendicular to the glass surface with the glass supported on two or four sides. - In-plane forces arising from self-weight are relatively small and are carried in bearing or setting blocks. - Sufficient edge clearance must be provided to prevent in-plane movements such as sway, racking, thermal movements or deflection from creating I plane loads on the glass. **TYPES OF GLASS** 1. **ANNEALED GLASS** - This is a piece of float glass that has been cooled in a slow and controlled manner. - The internal stresses within the sheet of glass are reduced by this process making the resulting glass stronger and less likely to break than it would otherwise be. - There can be safety concerns using annealed glass as it can break into large jagged shards. - Annealed clear glass is widely used in architectural applications. - In many situations it has adequate strength to resist wind loads and some thermal loads. - However, when used with coatings, tinted or used in insulating glass assemblies the thermal stresses rise considerably. - Increased thermal stresses or inadequate wind load resistance of annealed glass leads to the use of heat-treated glass. 2. **HEAT STRENGTHEN GLASS** - This is made from a sheet of annealed glass reheated beyond its annealing point of around 1200 degrees Fahrenheit and then cooled slowly. - Heat strengthened glass may be twice as strong as annealed glass, but may still need to be laminated for use in buildings. 3. **TEMPERED GLASS** - Annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point and then rapidly cooled. - Safety Glass - induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior. - three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses - Cannot be altered after fabrication. - When fractured, it breaks into relatively harmless pebble-sized particles 4. **LAMINATED GLASS** - consists of two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayer of polyvinyl butyric resin - retains the shards if the glass is broken - Security glass is laminated glass that has exceptional tensile an impact. 5. **WIRED GLASS** - flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat. - considered a safety glazing material and may be used to glaze fire doors, windows & skylights. 6. **PATTERN GLASS** - Has a linear or geometric surface pattern formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light 7. **OBSCURE GLASS** - has one or both sides acid-etched or sandblasted to obscure vision. - Not to be confused with Frosted Glass. - Either process weakens the glass and makes it difficult to clean - Ex.: - Charcoal - Arctic - Cotswold - Florielle - Everglade - Minister - Oak - Sycamore - Stippolyte - Taffeta 8. **SPANDREL GLASS** - Opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction - Produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat strengthened glass. 9. **INSULATING GLASS** - Glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation - Glass edge units have a 3/16" (5) air space - Metal edge units have a ¼" or ½" (6 or 13) air space 10. **GLASS BLOCKS** - Used to control light transmission, glare, and solar radiation. 11. **TINTED GLASS** - Tinted: Integrated - Coat: Applied - Has a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible light that strike it. - Iron oxide gives the glass a pale blue-green tint; - Cobalt oxide and nickel impart a grayish tint; - Selenium infuses a bronze tint. 12. **REFLECTIVE GLASS** - has a thin, translucent metallic coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant heat that strike it. - The coating may be applied to one surface of single glazing, in between the plies of laminated glass, or to the exterior or interior surfaces of insulating glass. - Brighter=Reflection 13. **LOW EMISSIVITY (LOW - E) GLASS** - transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, produced by depositing a low-e coating either on the glass itself or over a transparent plastic film suspended in the sealed air space of insulating glass **TILT -- UP CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM** - a special form of precast concrete construction. - The technique is used for constructing buildings by prefabricating concrete wall sections(panels) in a horizontal position on either the building\'s floor slab or on a temporary casting slab. - Once the wall sections have cured, they are tilted to a vertical position using a mobile crane, they are temporarily braced in their final upright position, and finally, they are tied into the building\'s roof and floor system to become an integral part of the finished structure. **ADVANTAGES OF TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION** - **ECONOMY.** In areas where Tilt-Up design and construction expertise is available---particularly a trained crane and rigging crew--- Tilt-Up proves to be more economical than competing construction methods for similar types of buildings. For example, in the highly competitive Southern California construction market, it is rare to see a large masonry industrial building, as Tilt-Up dominates in that geographical marketplace. - **SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION.** From the time the floor slab is placed, the typical elapsed time from starting to form the panels until the building shell is completed is four to five weeks - **DURABILITY.** Tilt-Up buildings constructed in the late 1940s show little sign of age (except architectural styling!) and some are being handsomely remodeled. - **FIRE RESISTANCE.** Concrete is an obvious first choice for fire resistance. A 6½-in.-thick wall, for example, has a four-hour fire rating. - **LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS**. Typically, the only maintenance required is a new coat of paint every six to eight years - **LOWER INSURANCE RATES.** The fire resistance and durability of Tilt-Up concrete walls results in lower premiums. - **ARCHITECTURAL ATTRACTIVENESS.** A look through the Portfolio of Tilt-Up Buildings section will attest to this feature of Tilt-Up - **LOW HEATING/COOLING COSTS.** Tilt-Up walls can be economically insulated to give higher insulation values. Insulation is integrated with Tilt-Up concrete walls to provide an insulative value that often exceeds anything found in masonry and wood frame construction. - **EXPANDABILITY.** By planning for the possibility of expansion, panel connections can be designed so the panels can be detached and relocated. - **SECURITY.** Unlike metal buildings, forced entry through walls can only be made through door and window openings - **VALUE APPRECIATION.** All of the above features of Tilt-Up help ensure the desirability of an investment in a Tilt-Up building. **TILT-UP PROCESS** The following is a summary of the steps in the construction of a typical Tilt-Up building: - The concrete floor slab, which typically serves as the casting base for the panels, is placed on the prepared subgrade. At the same time, the foundations on which the wall panels will be set are constructed. - The wall construction process begins by laying out the panels on the floor slab and constructing the formwork. - With forms in place, release agents are then sprayed, chairs and reinforcement are placed, and embedded items attached for items such as structural supports and attachments and lifting and bracing hardware. - Concrete is then placed in the forms, finished, and cured. - Next is a waiting period of a week to 10 days while the concrete attains sufficient strength for lifting. Ideally, formwork would be removed at this time but oftentimes formwork is re-used on another portion of the same project. - On lifting day, cables are attached to inserts cast into the panels and the crane lifts each panel in the desired sequence and sets it on the prepared foundation; before releasing the panels, temporary braces are installed to support the panel until the roof structure is attached. This process is repeated until all the panels are set into their desired position. - Connections between panels are made, concrete is placed to tie the floor slab to walls, joints are caulked, patching is performed if necessary to repair blemishes, and once the roof is permanently connected to the walls, the bracing is removed. **PLANNING THE TILT-UP BUILDING** **DESIGN** Planning should begin as soon as an owner has the requirement for a new or extended facility. The first step in planning is considering the design. The following design considerations must be resolved in order to facilitate a completed set of working drawings: - **BUILDING/PANEL HEIGHT.** The heights of the panels are a result of the vertical access required by the owner, with the allowances for the mechanical and electrical systems, and interior structural shell components. - **INTERIOR STRUCTURAL FRAMING.** This will affect the building height, construction cost, and schedule. The design team must acknowledge this aspect when selecting such component. - **UNDERGROUND PIPING.** Depending on the location of the under-slab plumbing drainage or electrical distribution, this will affect the project schedule. The days required to bury pipes and conduits are days panels are not cast! This relationship affects the project schedule, which in turn affects the budget. - **SIZE OF PANELS.** The design team should discuss with a local Tilt-Up contractor the preferred panel size so maximum panel sizes and minimal panel joints are utilized. - **EXTERIOR FINISHES.** Lead time allowance, pre-tendering of exterior components to ensure the products are available for the successful contractor. The construction phase is not the time frame for architectural research and development. Mock-ups and sample panels, constructed by the Tilt-Up contractor, become the benchmark for the owner and architect\'s review of the contractor\'s understanding and commitment to the pending project. **MORE ABOUT TILT-UP** - **BUILDING SIZE.** Buildings with foot prints less than 600 square feet and exceeding 2,000,000 square feet have been built with Tilt-Up. - **BUILDING SITE.** As long as you have 35 to 40 ft. around the perimeter of a building or the option to lift from the interior OR the availability of a longer boom on your crane to reach out, panels can be lifted on a site with limited space. - **BUILDING PANEL HEIGHT.** Four-to five-story office buildings are consistently completed with Tilt-Up construction, and panels in excess of 90 ft. have been done on several projects. - **BUILDING USE.** Tilt-Up construction is used in many types of buildings, including offices, schools, religious facilities, and more. - **BUDGET BENEFITS.** Tilt-Up buildings have a typical life of 100 to 150 years and generate significant savings in operating and maintenance expense. This offers a multitude of cost benefits. - **SUSTAINABILITY.** Tilt-Up construction is a smart and sustainable delivery method. - **SAFETY.** Tilt-Up construction is one of the safest forms of construction being utilized today. The floor is the working surface. - **ENHANCED MOISTURE CONTROL.** Tilt-Up panels provide enhanced moisture control because the wall itself is a highly impermeable layer. - **FINISHES**. Tilt-Up buildings are built regularly with thin brick, thin block, exposed aggregate and even more costly and difficult finishes such as tabby (oyster shells). - **STAIRS/ELEVATORS/TOWERS & MORE**. Tilt-Up construction for use in elevator shafts, towers, and stairs is ideal and eliminates waiting and often delays caused by other construction trades. - **FIREWALLS.** The building code recognizes that 7.2-in. concrete wall provides a 4-hour fire rating. **CRANE TYPES** - **TRUCK MOUNTED HYDRAULIC BOOM** - **TRUCK MOUNTED LATTICE BOOM** - **TRACK MOUNTED LATTICE BOOM** **DYNAMIC FAÇADE SYSTEM** - are also known as responsive façades. - They exhibit an ability to comprehend and learn from their surroundings, adjusting their behavior accordingly. - The building skin is not inert, but transforms dynamically to regulate the internal environment, reducing its power demands. - Ideally, they include methods for generating energy. **TYPES OF DYNAMIC FAÇADE** 1. **USER -- CONTROL DYNAMIC FAÇADE** - It is a simple technology which does not include any type of responsive system and responds only to the use input from the building occupants. - The facade itself is functioning as a shading device but given the users to control the angle of the panel, and amount of light transmitted into the interior space. **EXAMPLE: The dynamic solar shading of Kiefer Technic Showroom** - The Kiefer Technic Showroom is a hybrid exhibition space and office building in Bad Gleichenberg, Austria that moves according to the general weather conditions. - It is a pertinent example of modern interactive architecture with an outer framework of 112 tiles that shift and fold into rows on command. - The façade of the Kiefer Technic building expands and contracts to regulate the amount of sunlight permitted to the interior. This responsive design minimizes the necessity of air conditioning by maintaining a constantly moving shield against external heat. 2. **LIGHT PROJECTION DYNAMIC FAÇADE** - The second type of dynamic facade is lighting projection based. - The strategy for the building enclosure consists of creating an optical illusion. - The facades may have layers of customized aluminum extrusion profiles which change with the viewpoint of the spectator **EXAMPLE: Galleria Cheonan UNStudio, Korea** - Galleria Centercity reclaims the public space within the private department store. - In the design we responded to the highly social function of South-East Asian department stores, in which people meet, gather, eat, drink and shop. - The department store is no longer solely a commercial space, but a social and cultural experience for the visitors. - Visual and spatial connections are at the heart of the design. - Together they generate a lively, stimulating environment. - On the outside, the media façade is articulated in a trompe l'oeil pattern. - Upon entering, the department store is revealed as a layered and varied space which unfolds as you move through and up the building. 3. **(SOLAR) LIGHT CONTROL DYNAMIC FAÇADE** - It consists of a shading system to reduce the solar energy entering the building by 20% and is one of a number of innovative measures to improve environmental performance and limit energy use. **EXAMPLE: Gallery of Al Bahar Tower, Abu Dhabi** - A quick glimpse at the upcoming weather for Abu Dhabi will show a week of intense sunshine, temperatures steadily above 100 degrees Fahrenheit with 0% chance of rain. - In such extreme weather conditions, even architects listing environmental design as their top priority are up against a tough battle. - Never mind that the sand can compromise the structural integrity of the building, the intense heat and glare can render a comfortable indoor environment relatively impossible if not properly addressed. - For Abu Dhabi's newest pair of towers, Aedas Architects have designed a responsive facade which takes cultural cues from the "mashrabiya", a traditional Islamic lattice shading device. 4. **WIND RESPONSIVE DYNAMIC FAÇADE** - Wind as a natural element itself is strong enough to provide a dynamic pattern of motion without wasting any energy. - Suspended aluminum plates create wind-powered façade. - As it responds to the ever-changing patterns of the wind, the façade will create a direct interface between the built and natural environments. - The facade itself constantly stays in moving motion as the wind blows. **EXAMPLE: Brisbane Domestic Terminal Carpark in Australia** - comes in as our third type of dynamic facade in the category. - Wind as a natural element itself is strong enough to provide a dynamic pattern of motion without wasting any energy. - Brisbane Domestic Terminal Carpark in Australia (2011) has installed 250,000 aluminIum plates to create this wind-powered facade. - "Viewed from the exterior, the car park's entire eastern side will appear to ripple fluidly as the wind activates 250,000 suspended aluminium panels - As it responds to the ever-changing patterns of the wind, the façade will create a direct interface between the built and natural environments," said UAP Workshop (2011). - The facade itself constantly stays in moving motion as the wind blows. 5. **SEASONAL GREEN DYNAMIC FAÇADE** - A facade which integrates greeneries to make the it responsive to the 4 seasons is also categorized as one of the dynamic façades. - A green facade can be dynamic without high-technology system as the plant changes every so often. **EXAMPLE: House in Travessa Do Patrocinio in Lisbon, Portugal** - Last but not least, a facade which integrating the greeneries to make the facade responsive to the 4 seasons is also been categorized as one of the dynamic facades. - House in Travessa Do Patrocinio in Lisbon, Portugal (2012) shows a facade can be dynamic without high-technology system. - Luis Rebelo de Andrade has dressed-up the 4-story height facade with vegetation, creating a vertical garden, filled with around 4500 plants from 25 different Iberian and Mediterranean varieties which occupies 100 square meters. - "Therefore, this project is in fact a mini lung and an example of sustainability for the city of Lisbon, keeping the principles of a living typical habitat and a relationship with the outside, assuming a revitalizing urban role." **CLASSIFICATION OF DYNAMIC FAÇADE ACCORDING TO GEOMETRIC TRANSITION** **Translation: Sliding** - **One Axis Sliding** -- ***Situla Complex Façade:*** the façade is covered with sliding units which allow residents to control their privacy level and create a dynamic skin (Strovs, 2014) - **Multi Axis Sliding -- *Tessellate Metal Surfaces Façade*:** It consists of numerous metal panels sliding on front of each other (Frauenfelder, 2012) **Translation: Folding** - **Vertical Folding** -- ***Kiefer Technic Showroom:*** It responds to outdoor climate and also allows user control (Pesenti, Masera, Fiorito, and Sauchelli, 2015) - **Horizontal Folding** -- ***Lab Building, Graz University of Technology:*** South façade is cladded with perforated white aluminium plates to protect inner space from glare and control daylighting. (Lomholt, 2016) **Rotation: One Axis Rotation** - **One Axis Rotation: Vertical/Horizontal** -- ***Henning Larsen SDU Kolding Building:*** The façade changes itas appearance to control daylighting by using sensors to measure light and heat. (Knol, Kneepkens, and Zvironaite, 2014) SHELL STRUCTURES - as the name suggests, is characterized by a **curved, shell-like form.** - Unlike traditional framed structures, which rely on beams and columns, shell structures derive their **strength primarily from their form itself**. - The curved surface area efficiently distributes external forces and loads across its entirety, qualifying them as methodical load-bearing structures. - Shell architecture offers a balance between aesthetics and structural stability, creating visually striking spaces and expansive interior volumes. Shell structures are built using a variety of techniques, depending on the materials used and the desired structure: - Concrete shell structures - Steel reinforcement is placed in the formwork, then concrete is poured, compacted, and cured. - Steel shell structures - Prefabricated elements are assembled and connected using welding or bolting. - Curved shell structures - Developable surfaces are used to assemble curved structures from sheet materials. This technique is often represented by a series of triangles or quadrilaterals. - Fabric structures - Shell structures can be made from fabric. EXAMPLES: Dome of Pantheon, Rome Arched ceiling in Mastaba Tombs, Egypt The Mannheim Multihalle designed by Frei Otto Los Manantiales Restaurant, Xochimilco Chapel Lomas De Cuernavaca Palace of Sports for the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Church in Mexico City designed by Felix Candela How are Shell Structures Constructed? 1. Form Finding - The process begins with architects and engineers employing advanced analysis techniques and methodologies to determine the optimal shape and curvature of the shell. - Through graphic statics, finite element analysis, and physical and computational modeling, they refine the geometry to achieve structural stability and load distribution. - this process combines art and science to create captivating and efficient forms. 2. Material Selection - Structural integrity and longevity are the primary considerations for selecting materials to build shell structures. - Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is the most widely used material for constructing shell architecture because of its excellent strength and durability. - Steel is also a preferred material for shell roof as it is lightweight, offers versatility, and ease of assembly. - Additionally, timber and bamboo are strong, durable, and environment-friendly materials used for shell construction. 3. Construction Technique - The construction of shell structures demands accuracy, craftsmanship, skill, and techniques. - For reinforced thin concrete shell structure, steel reinforcement is strategically placed within the formwork, following design specifications. - Concrete is then poured, compacted, and cured to achieve the desired strength. - With steel shells, prefabricated elements are assembled and connected through welding or bolting, ensuring precise alignment. 4. Collaboration and Quality Control - Constructing a shell structure demands collaboration between architects, structural engineers, and construction teams. - Regular inspections, quality control measures, and adherence to construction standards are essential throughout the process. - This collaborative effort ensures the accuracy, alignment, and durability of the shell architecture, guaranteeing its durability. Traditional Take on The Modern: Parametricism and Culture Parametric design - has emerged as a modern trend over the last couple of years and has helped manifest architectural marvels that would not have been possible earlier. - However, contrary to popular belief, parametric design does not necessarily need to alienate vernacular practice and hold itself aloof from it. 1. Materials - The pavilion contains a primary skeleton of bamboo beams that form the outer edges of the four hyperbolic wings with a secondary frame of bamboo members that supports the fabric stretched out across it. - Though Bamboo has long been used to execute traditional architectural endeavors, in recent years, it has also been used in modern constructions due to its remarkable tensile strength and extremely low weight. 2. Form - By studying the stresses generated in the materials due to gravitational forces, a form that effectively eliminated shear forces was derived. - It ensured the strength and stiffness of the pavilion and touches the ground in only four points. 3. Spatial Experience - The structure shades the cavernous space within it and offers it ample protection from the elements. - It utilizes bamboo's inherent properties and enhances its structural and aesthetic qualities. 4. Local Link - The pavilion is the archetype of the union between traditional materials and today's technology. - Its textured surface is inspired by the region's traditional weaving practice - its unique geometric form (also called an Enneper surface since it intersects itself) is derived from the Khmer period iconography in mimicking the radiating arms of 'Prajnaparamita', Perfection of Wisdom. 5. Sustainable Solution - Bamboo is an inexpensive material that can be easily sourced. - Its quick growth renders it a renewable resource the use of which does not negatively impact the environment. - By using locally sourced bamboo to create the pavilion, Luca Poian Forms strives towards reducing the project's carbon footprint and making it sustainable. - They have drawn inspiration from the local tradition of bamboo weaving in creating the pavilion.