U.S. History.pdf

 Life in Industrial America The American West, 1865-1900. Se--emen- & -conomic eveopment The completion of railroads in the West after the Civil War was pivotal for opening up vast areas for settlement and economic growth. White settlers from the Eastern United Stat...

 Life in Industrial America The American West, 1865-1900. Se--emen- & -conomic eveopment The completion of railroads in the West after the Civil War was pivotal for opening up vast areas for settlement and economic growth. White settlers from the Eastern United States moved west to engage in mining, farming, and fancying, driven by the promise of land and opportunity. African-American settlers, motivated by promises of prosperity in all- black Western towns, relocated from the Deep South. Chinese laborers, recruited to work on railroads added to the region’s demographic diversity. my act on e Gre-Plains The massive herds of American bison, which once roamed the Great Plains, were nearly eradicated due to excessive h tuning and the expansion of settlement. The natural grasslands were plowed to make way for wheat farming and other agricultural activities,significantly altering the ecosystem. Effect native-mericans The arrival of settlers and the decline of bison drastically affected Native American communities, leading t conflicts over land and resources. Despite some victories in battles and resistance efforts, Native Americans were largely overpowered by the larger number of settlers and the U.S. military. By the 1880s, most. Native Americans had been forcibly moved to reservations, which were often located in areas deemed undesirable by white settlers.  Le - 1 F-ceCow oy The cowboy became a prominent symbol of the American West,often depicted in popular culture as a heroic and glamorous figure. This image is misleading; the reality of cowboy life involved grueling labor, poor living conditions, and financial instability is- rica Reality The first cowboys were Spanish vaqueros who introduced cattle to the Americas. Black cowboys were also a significant part of the cowboy culture. The cowboy’s life was far from Romanticized; it involved long hours, difficult work, and economic hardships. is ri ( Lica espective ju r iron View Frederick Jackson Turner’s “frontier thesis” portrayed the West as a meeting point between civilization and savagery, highlighting the role of the frontier in shaping American Identity ern iew Contemporary historians view the West as complex crossroads of cultures, emphasizing the interactions, conflicts, and negotiations between various groups, including settlers, Native Americans, and other ethnic communities.  Nineteenth Century Perceptions Native Americans iical Status ej n Native Americans were not recognized at U.S. citizens throughout the 19th century. The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, excluded “Indians not taxed” from citizenship , thus denying them the right to vote. Native American tribes were considered independent nations and were expected to sign agreements to establish reservations within U.S. territories Ulysses S. Grn-s-ress In his first inaugural address in 1869, President Ulysses S. grant acknowledged the disparities in treatment of Native Americans. Grant expressed support for policies that would promote the “civilization” and eventual citizenship of Native Americans. His stance highlighted the ongoing debate about how best to integrate Native Americans into American society while dealing with their lands and rights. ubic e & e ia presentin e The rights and land dispossession of Native Americans were widely debated in the 19th-century newspapers and magazines Discussions about Native American issues were often framed by non- Native perspectives, with Native voices being largely absent from the conversation. Even among those advocating for Native American rights, representations were frequently marred by racist languages and stereotypical imagery.  Fort Laramie Treaty &C 1 jo un nex- Throughout the 19th century, U.S. expansion efforts frequently clashed with Native American resistance to preserving their lands, sovereignty, and traditional ways of life. The struggle over land ownership and control was a central issue in the U.s. Government’s relationship with native tribes. For-cramie Conference16 S conference was held at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, where the U.S. Government,under the Indian Peace Commission, negotiated with the Sioux (including a rule, Oglala, Minicomjou, Yanktonai,HunkPapa,Blackfeet,Cuthead,Two Kettle,Sans Arcs, and Santee) and the Arapho. The treaty aimed to end hostilities between white settlers and Native tribes and was signed by representatives from each tribe involved. The Sioux agreed to relocate to the Black Hills in the Dakota Territory and gave up large portions of their previously promised land. In return the U.S. Government established the Great Sioux Reservation, which included the Black Hills,and guaranteed the land for exclusive use by the Sioux,with retained hunting and fishing rights in their original territory. G is very an nor acement in 1874, General George A. Custer led to an expedition into the Black Hills, where gold was discovered. The influx of miners into the sacred Black Hills led to conflicts with miners demanding protection from the U.S. Army. The Army was soon ordered to suppress Sioux resistance to protect the interests of the miners and settlers.  - ef -- e ijorn'l6 In June 1876, Cluster’s Army detachment faced a large Sioux and Cheyenne encampment at the Little Bighorn River. Custer’s forces were defeated, but the U.S. Government intensified exits campaign against the Sioux. By 187j, the U.S. Government had confiscated the Black Hills and the land remains a contested issue. 5 rcl re ties The U.S. practiced treaty negotiations with Native Tribes similar to European methods, treating tribes as a sovereign entities until the early 19th century. The Supreme Court case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) redefined as “domestic dependent nations” rather than independent sovereign nations. End fre ty Era In 1871, the Indian Appropriations act ended the practice of treaty-making with Native Tribes. Future adjustment to Native Lands or status were handled through Executive Orders, Acts of Congress, and Federal Court decision. nj ing is es The ownership and legal statues of the Black Hills continue to be contested between the U.S. Government and the Sioux Nation. Federally recognized American India tribes and Alaska Natives retain the right of self-government and a legal relationship with the federal government.  Chief Joseph on Indian affairs (1877-1879) Chief Josee's Surrencer I Chief a Joseph, leader of a Nez Percé band, had led his people in an unsuccessful attempt to flee to Canada to avoid relocation to a reservation. The Nez Percé were pursued by the U.S. Cavalry and forced to surrender after a series of conflicts. ins from Surren er Speech ey Chief. Joseph expressed deep fatigue and sorrow over the ongoing conflict and loss. He highlighted the death of tribal leaders and the suffering of his people, including the freezing and starvation of children. Chief Joseph declared his desire for peace, stating his intention to fight no more, expressing his hope to find and care for his scattered and suffering people. Chief Joseph's Visitt ashington , C Cl. Chief Joseph voiced frustration over the U.S. Government’s repeated failure to honor agreements and promises made to Native Americans. He critiqued the inconsistency and dishonesty of government officials, nothing the gap between their assurances and their actions. Critique of Government and aws Chief Joseph questioned the legitimacy and fairness of the government’s policies, which he felt were applied unevenly between white settlers and Native Americans. He expressed disillusionment with the legal and governmental process, which he felt failed to protect Native rights and address injustices.  C fr jus ijes in tree m He called for equal treatment under the law for Native Americans and white settlers, advocating for the same rights and opportunities for all people. Chief a Joseph envisioned a future where Native Americans would be treated as equals, with freedom to travel, work, trade, and live as they choose. He hoped for a unified nation where all people would live in peace and harmony, reflecting a desire for justice and reconciliation. ver essage Chief Joseph’s speeches highlighted the deep injustice faced by Native Americans and the need for genuine reform and equal treatment. His messages underscored the broader struggle for Native American rights and sovereignty, reflecting a profound desire for respect, fairness, and peaceful coexistence.  Chester A. Arthur on American Indian policy(1881) nr ucion in C next Chester A. Arthur emphasizes the significance of agreeing the management of Indian affairs in his First. Annual Message to Congress. This issue has been persistent problem with past efforts often failing short of providing a lasting solution. Critique Fas-Cicies The U.S. government historically dealt with Indian tribes as separate nations and assigned them large reservations. This policy encourage Indians to live a nomadic life without genuine efforts to integrate them into American society. Indian tribes were frequently displaced as settlers encroached on their lands, leading to conflicts and violent clashes. Despite significant losses of life and financial expenditures, the Indian problem remained unresolved for decades. ↑r posed Reform Application of State Laws: Arthur suggests extending state laws to Indian reservations and applying Arkansas laws to certain parts of Indian Territory. This would grant Indians legal protection and rights. -mentf in advocates for legislation that allows the allotment of land to indivisible Indians. Land should be granted in severalty (individual ownership) and made inalienable for 20-25 years to encourage agricultural pursuits and assimilation. This approach aims to dissolve tribal bonds and promote integration into mainstream society p. Support for nolian Schools Recommends increased funding for Indian schools,arguing they are more effective in promoting civilization compared to reservation day schools. Schools provide a controlled environment where students are separated from their traditional surroundings and exposed to civilized society. C no usion Arthur stressed that the success of these reforms depends on the collaboration between Congress and the Executive. He expressed optimism that these measures could significantly improve the situation and facilitates the assimilation of Indian tribes into American society.  William t. Hornday on the Extermination of the american bison (1889) Historial Context: Federick Jackson Turner's adress to the American Historical Association on December 6, 1893, profoundly influenceed American historiography. His essay reflects on the role of the frontier in shaping American culture and considers the implications of its closure. Census Report of 1890: The 1890 Census marked the end of a continuous frontier, with isolated settlements no longer defining a clear frontier line. The event signifies the end of an era of westward expansion and the closing of a significant historial chapter Impact of the Frontier on American development: The Frontier facillitated American development by providing continuous opportunities for expansion. Instituitions and constitutional forms evolved into response to the challenges of crossing and settling new territories. Unique American Experience: Unlike other natons with limited territorial development, the U.S. experienced repeated cycles of primitive conditions followed by congress. Each new frontier area required a re-adaptation of societal structures and contributed to American growth. Characteristics of Frontier Life: Practical and inventive: Frontier life fostered a practical, inventive mindset adept at finding solutions. Individualism: A dominant trait of American character, influenced by the freedom and challenged of frontier life. Energy and Restlessness: The continuous expansion instilled a sense of buoyancy and a drive for new opportunities. Continuity of Traits: Traits developed on the frontier persisted and influenced American culture even as society evolved beyond the frontier era. End of an Era The closure of the frontier signifies the end of a formative period in American history. Turner compares the impact of the frontier to the Mediterranean's influence on acnient Greek civilization, highlighting its role in breaking old customs and fostering new experiences. Future Implications and Ongoing Influence: Although the frontier has closed, Turner suggests that the expansive, dynamic character of American life will persist. The American Drive for expansion and new opportunities may continue, but the specific conditions that shaped the frontier experience are now part of history. Conclusion and Historical Significance: Turner's essay underscores the crucial role of the frontier in shaping American identity and institutions. With the frontier era concluded, america faces a new phase in its hsitory, reflecting on the legacy ofits pioneering past.  Federick Jackon Turner, "Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893) Introduction and Overview: William T. Hornady, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park, provides a detailed account of the near-extinction of the American bison. His 1889 report underscores the massive decline of the bison population and its implications. Historical Abundance: Pre-1870 Numbers: The American buson once roamed in such vast numbers that estimating their total population was nearly impossible. The bison herds were comparable in size to the total quadruped population of South Central Africa. Range and Impact: Bison occupied a vast range from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River, and from Minnesota to Louisiana. They were so numerous that they obstructed rivers, delayed trains, and overwhelmed travelers and settlers. Rapid Decline: Early settlers and Native Americans believed that the bison were so numerous that their extinction was inconceivable. Despite this belief, the southern herd was nearly eradicated within just four years. Primary Causes of Decline of Extermination: Civilization's Impact: Encroachment of Settlers: The arrival of settlers with firearms led to the systematic destruction of bison across their habitat. Destructive Practices: The massive slaughter driven by civillization's expansion was a primary cause of the bison's near extinction. Secondary Causes of Extermination and their Contributing Factors: Greed and Wastefulness: Reckless hunting driven by greed and lack of resource management contributed to the decline. Lack of Protection: The absence of protective measures by the government and states allowed uncontrolled hunting. Preference for Cow Bison: Hunters preffered the robes and flesh of female bison over males, exacerbating the decline. Animal Vulnerability: The bison's lack of defensive qualities and indifference to humans made them easy targets. Advanced Firearms: The development of modern breech-loading rifles made huntingmore effecient and deadly. The Impact on Native Americans: The bison provided essential resources for Native Americans, including food, clothing, and tools. Government Substitutes: The U.S. governemnt replaced the bison with regular supplies of bef and blankets, costing several millions annually. Call for Government Action: Hornady argues that government intervention could have preserved the bison at a lower cost than current relief efforts for Native Americans. Future of the Bison; He warns that without special efforts by the Government, the pure- blood bison may become irretrievably lost. Reflection on Extermination: Hornady's account serves as both a histoircal record and a cautionary talw about the consequences of unregulated exploitation of natural resources. The report emphasizes the need for conservation offerts to prevent the loss of species and preserve ecological balance.  Westward expansion: crash course us history Introduction: Myth vs. Reality: The Wild West is often depicted as a place of cowboys, gunsligners, and rugged individualism, but historical reality reveals a more complex picture. Impact on Modern Agriculture: The development of the West laid the groundwork for modern agricultural practices and large-scale agribusiness. Frederick Jackson Turner and the Frontier Myth: Turner's Thesis (1893): Frederick Jackson Turner argue that the frontier shaped American culture, fostering individualism, but historical reality reveals a more complex picture. Mythical Frontier: The West represented an opportunity for individuals to start anew and strike it rich,but this was largely a myth. Who Settled in the West? Diverse Settlers: Western settlers included families, immigrant groups, Chinese laborers, Mexican workers, and former slaves. Native American Presence: Much of the western territory was already occupied by American Indians. Government Role: The federal government played a significant role in facillitatiing settlement through legislation,military actions, and infrastructure development. Railroads and Westwards Expansion Transportation: Railroad were crucial for transporting good and crops to market. Modernization: They provided access to necessary tools and supplies, connecting settlers to the industrialized world. Government involvement: Both federal and state government financed railroads,often to their financial detriment. Forced Removal of Native Americans Economic and Racial Impulses: The removal of Native Americans was driven by the desire for land and resources. Violent Conflicts: Increasing settler presence led to bloody conflicts with Native Americans, intensifying after the Civil War. Buffalo Extinction: The destruction of buffalo herds, central to Plains tribes' existence, was part of the ffort to undermine Native American cultures. The Ghost Dance Movement Spiritual Resistance: The Ghost Dance was a religious movement aimed at restoring Native American ways of life and driving away its white settlers. Final Defeats: Despite some victories such as at Little Bighorn, Native Americans were largely defeated and confined to reservations by 1890. The Dawes Act (1887) End of Treaty System: The Dawes Act replaced the treaty system with individual land allotments for Native Americans. Cultural Impact: Native Americans were encouraged to adopt European-American farming practices. Land Loss:Protections were inadequate, leading to the loss of significant amounts of Native American land. Mystery Document Document Exceprt: The document expressed frustration with broken promises and the failure of the U.S. government to protect Native American interests. Author Guess: The excerpt was attributed to Chief Joseph,relfecting the widespread disillusionment among Native American leaders. American Indian Boarding Schools Culture Genocide: Boarding schools aimed to assimilate Native American children by stripping away their cultural identity. Comparative Context: Similar policies were enacted in other countries, through the U.S. policy was relatively short-lived compared to others. Cowboys and Ranching Mythical Cowboys: The romanticized image of the cowboy is linked to the cattle industry railroads. Economic realities: cattle dives eneded at railheads, and ranching became increasingly commercialized and integrated into the industrial economy. Family Farms: Western farming was often a family effort andoriented towards large-scale production rather subsitence. Agricultural Transformation Irrigation Projects: Large- scale irrigation was neessary for productive farming in the Great Plains. Rise of Agribusiness: By the early 20th century, agriculture in places like California was dominated by large corporations and industrial practices. Global Competition: Farmers faced international compeition, influencing prices and agricultural practices. Legacy of the Westward Expansion Era Industrial Capitalism: The agricultural changes of the late 19th century contributed to the rise of industrail capitalism and shaped modern agricultural practices. Connection to Modern Life: The legacy of western expansion influences contemporary issues and economic system. Conclusion Historical Context: The agricultural changes of the late 19th century contributed to the rise of industrail capitalism and shaped modern agricultural practices. Continued Impact: Understanding the historical roots of agriculture and settlement helps explain contemporary economci and social structures.  Immigration to the united states, 1851-1900 Overview Between 1851 and 1900, the United States experienced a signficant wave of immigration, with nearly 12 million newcomers arriving, driven by various factors such as economic hardship, political and religious persecution, and the promise of opportunity. Reasons for Immigration Economic Factors: Crop failures, land shortages, and job scarcity pushed individuals to seek better prospects in the U.S. Political and Religious Freedom: Persecution prompted people to flee to a country percevied as a land of liberty. Sources of Immigration during the late 19th century Europeans: Primarily from Germany, Ireland and England Chinese: Significant numbers arrived during the California gold rush until 1882, when the Chinese Eclusion Act halted their immigration Impact of Economic Hardship The economic downturn of the 1870s intensified competition for jobs between Euopean immigrants and Americans,leading to: Racial Tensions: Growing animosity, especially toward Chinese immigrants, resulting in riots and calls for exlcusion. Legislation: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 ended Chinese immigration for decades. Immigration Ports and Settlement Entry Points: Most Euopean immigrants entered through East Coasr ports,particularly New York City, known as the "Golden Door". Ellis Island opened in 1892 as a major processing center for immigration. Inland Movement: Many immigrants sought opportunities beyond the ports, often settling in communities with their fellow countrymen. Employment and Social Chalenges Labor Market: Immigrants faced fiece competition for jobs, often recieving lower waged and enduring exploitation. Social Tensions: Discrimnation and sterotypes led to verbal and physical abuse, yet immigrants contributed to the cultural vitality of their new communties. Conclusion Despite the challenges, the influx of immigrants between 1851 and 1900 enriched American society and culture showcasing the strength found in diveristy and contributions of varies backgrounds to the nation's identity.  Jim Crow laws ferris state university website Overview of Jim Crow Definition: A racial Cast system operatioanl mainly in southern and border states from 1877 to the mid 1960s. Nature: More than laws; it was a societal way of llife that enforced racial segregation and discrimination. Ideological Underpinnings Lots of beliefs... White superiority in intelligence,morality and behavior Fear of interracial relationships leading to a "monegrel Race" Violence was justified to maintaine racial hiearchy. Cultural Reinforcement Relgious teachings justified segregation Pseduoscientific theories promoted blakc inferiority Media perpetuated negative stereotypes Jim Crow Etiquette Black amles could not have shaken hands with white males. Seperate dining arrangements; whites served first. Public displays of affection between black individuals were discouraged. introudctions were structured to reunforce heiarchy (e.g., "Mr Peters, this is Charlie"). Intepersonal Conduct Black individuals could not assset white dishonesty or claim superior knoweldge. Different standards for addressing white vs. black individuals. Legal Framework Jim crow Laws: Implemented after the 13,14 and 15 Amendment. Plessy V. Fergusion (1896): Established "seperate but equal", legitamizing segregation. Example of Laws: Segregated public transport and facilities Restricted voting though poll taxes and literacy tests. Social Impact Seperate public facilities for blacks and whites (e.g., schools,restrooms). Black facilities were often inferiror or non existent. Job opportunities and access to public services were severely limited for blacks. Violence and Intimidatioin Lynching Public, brutal murders used as intimidation tactics. Over 4,730 lynching documented,primarily of crimes against white women. Race Riots Sparked by tensions, often led to massacres in black communities Example: The Red Summer of 1919 saw numerous riots and lynching. Conclusion Legacy of Jim Crow Established a culture of fear and opression Contributed to systemic racism that persisted long after the laws were abolished Coninued Revelance Understanding Jim Crow is crucial for addressing ongoing racial and injustice  Ida B. wells Early life Born on July 16, 1862, in Holly Springs,Mississippi. Born into slavery during the Civil War; parents became politically active after emancipation. Education- Encouraged by her parents to value education; enrolled at Rust College but was expelled after a dispute. Personal tragedy Yellow fever epeidemic in 1878 claimed the lives of her parents and infant brother. Became repsonsible for her surviving siblings,working as a teacher to support them Activism and Journalism Legal Battle In 1984, sued a train company for being reoved from a first-class car despite holding a ticket. won locally, but the decision was overturned in federal court. Lynching Investigations: After a friend's lynching, Wells-Barnett investigated white mob violence and the reaons behind lynchings. Published findings in pamphlets and local newspaper columns,notably about an 1892 lynching,which incited local outrage leading to threats against her. Relocation and continued activism Move to Chicago Threats in Memphis forced her to relocate in Chicago World's Columbian Exposition: In 1893, joined African American leaders in boycotting the exposition due to the exclusion and negative portrayal of black people Personal Life Marriage and Family Married Ferdinand Barnett, an African American lawyer, in 1895 The couple had four children, Wells-Barnett balanced motherhood with her activism International Advocacy and Women's Rights Global Activism Traveled internationally to expose lynching and confront racism abroad Challenges in Suffrage Movement Critiqued white women in suffrage movement for their indifference to lymching, resulting in ostracism from suffrage organizations Founding Contribution co-founded the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, adressing civil rights and women's suffrage issues. Present at the founding of the NAACP, but not officially recognized as a founder Later Years and Legacy Urban Reform Focused on urban reform in Chicago towards the end of her career. Died on March 25,1931 Impact Remembered as a pioneering journalist and activist who fought against racial injustice and championed women's rights.  Andrew Carnegie-man of steel Early life Born on November 25, 1825, in Dunfermline, Scotland Immigrated to the United States with his family as a child, settling in Penssylvania. Career Beginnings Early Jobs Worked various jobs, including a messenger and operator at the Ohio Telegraph Comany. Became a secretary/telegraph operator at the Penssylvania Railroad Company. Rising through the ranks Promoted to Superintendent of the Pitssburgh Division of Penssylvania Railroad. Gained mentorship from influential executives Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson. Transition to Industry Civil War Involvement Appointed Superintedent of Military Railway andn telegraph lines in 1861 under Scott, then Assistant Secretary of War. Observed the demand for iron products during the Civil War. Founding of Keystone Bridge Works: Shifted focus from railroads to the ironworks industry post-war Established Keystone Bridge Works, leveraging railroad contracts for business growth. Innovation in Steel Production Adoption of the Bessemer Process: Implemented the Bessemer process at Homestead Steel Works to produce steel more efficiently. Partnership with Henry Clay Frick: Bought Frick in as a partner in 1881 to manage operations. Industrial Growth: By 1889, U.S. steel production surpassed that of the U.K., with Carnegie's companies leading the way. The Homestead Strike Labor Conflict In 1892, a strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel workers shut down the Homestead plant. The situation escalated with the involvement of the Pinkerton agents and state militia; violence ensued. Reputation Impact: Although the company regained control, Carnegie's reputation suffered significantly due to the violent events. Later Life and Legacy Merger with U.S. Steel in 1901, Carnegie Steel merged into J.P. Morgan's United States Steel Company allowiing Carnegie to shift focus. Writing and Influence Authored notable articles and books,iincluding "wealth" and "The Gospel of Wealth" Inifluenced many, inclduing Napoleon Hill, a prominent figure in the person success genre Philanthropy Libary Funding: funded the contruction of over 2,500 libaries globally, primarily in the U.s. Educational contributions: Donated to numerous educational institutions,including Carnegie Mellon University and the Tuskegee Institute. Peace Incentives Established the carnegie Endownment for International Peace in 1910 Death and Enduring Legacy Died on August 11,1919 His legacy includes libaries,universities, Carnegie Hall, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, reflecting his commitment to education and culture. Andrew Carnegie on the triumph of america (1885) Economic Progress: Rapid Growth Carnegie asserts that the U.S. has acheived significant economic advancement in just one century. Claims America leads in poplation, wealth, savings, public credit, agriculture, amd manufacturing. Future Projections Predicts that by 1935, the U.S. could have 180 million English-speaking citizens and over $250 billion in national wealth. Envisions U.S. and Europe both reaching population of about 600 million by 1980. Factors for Growth Ethnic and Racial Composition Carnegie highlights the importance of British colonization in shaping America's success. Contrasts the potential outcomes had other nations colonized America. Geographical Advantages Notes the favorable conditions of the American landscape aas a key factor in development Political Structure Equality and Unity: Stresses that the American poltiical system is based on the principle of equality, with no heriditary priveleges or classes. Argues that universal suffrage and equal rights create a strong sense of counity among citizens Community Interests Carnegie asserts that the lack of class divisions fosters a community of shared interests and goals,unlike European systems. Education's Role Common Schools system: Describes free public education as a crucial factor in creating a unified American identity. Children of diverse ethnic backgrounds learn together,promoting language and cultural assimilation. Transformation of Immigrants: Immigrants shed old national identities and loyalties, adoptiing American ideals of freedom and equality. Conclusion Homogenous Nation: Carnegie envisions the U.S. as a large,powerful, and homogenous nation,valuing peace over military might Patriotism: Emphasizes the intense patriotism of naturalized citizens, who understand the value of rights denied in theirhomelands Legacy: Vision of American Exceptionalism: Carnegie's reflections contribute to the narrative of American exceptionalism,, highlighting the country's unique position in the world.  Henry Grady on the new south (1886) The transition from the Old South Death of the Old South Grady references Benjamin H. Hill's statement about the death of the old South, characterized by slavery and secession. Recognition of Change: The new South is alive, dynamic and evolving, symbolizing hope and progress. Characteristics of the New South Wales Democracy and Leadership Describes the new South as a "perfect democracy," led by oligarchs who support popular movements Social Structure: Highlights a shift from the large plantations to a diverse network of farms and homes,indicating a more robust and resillient social system. Industrial Diversity Emphasizes the importance of diversified industries to meet the needs of a changing economy. Spirit and Pride of the New South Renewed vitality The South is portryed as ivigorated and aware its growing power and prosperity. Acknowledgement of Emancipattion: Grade articulated that the South's emancipation was a result of historical circumstances, asserting pride in the region's transformation rather than shame. Reflection on the Civil War Perspective on the Conflict: Grady asserts that the South's actions during the Civil war were based on honest convictions and should not be seen as rebeliion. Honor Sacrifice He reflects on the valor of those who fought, expressing pride in their sacrficies while recognizing the ultimate triumph of the union and end of slavery. Cultural and Historical Significance Sacred Ground: Grade describes the South as sacred land, rich with memories of struggle and valor from both the Confederate and Union sides. Unity and Brotherhood calls for recognition of a shared American identity, emphasizing the indissoluble union of the states and the enduring brotherhood among all Americans. Conclusion Optomistic Vision Grady concludes with a powerful vision of a united and prosperous South, positioned confidently alongside the rest of the the naton.  Jacob Riis, How The Other Half Lives (1890) Overview: Our Author is Jacob Riis, a danish immigrant Purpose: Combined with photography and jouralism to expose povery in America, specifically New York City. The book had shocking Impact on the public with stark images and descriptions of urban slums,raising awareness about the conditions of the poor. Disconnection Quote: "One half of the The Bewteen worldSocial does not know how the other half lives." Classes The affluent are indifferent to the struggles of the poor, which lead to societal ignorance and neglect. The Three-fourths of New York's population lives in tenements, with a rapid State of Tenements increase in their numbers and inhabitants. The tenement system is seen as a result of public neglect and private greed, creating a cycle of poverty and crime. Consequences of Poor Living Condiitons Tenements contribute to epidemics and social issues, fostering crime and moral decay. Living condiitions in tenements severely affected family life and contribute Societal to a cycle of poverty along with despair. Responsibility Riis proposes teh question: "what are you going to do about it?" Emphasizes that understanding the root cause of poverty is essential for addressing the issue. This book is worth the attention and worth taking your time to google those images.  Underlying Issues A significant portion of distress among the poor is linked to alcholism,rooted in their liviing conditions. Recommendations suggests that improving housing quality can reduce Economic Exploitation alcohol-related problems Many landlords priotized profit over tenant welfare, leading to neglect and deteriorating Proposed Solutions conditions Riis highlights that tenants often recieve no assistance in improving living conditons. Riis argues that effective solutions must come from a collective moral Chrisitan Perspective responsibility, rather than relying soley on legislation or charity. Calls for the construction of homes for the working class by those who beenfit from their labor, moving away from viewing tenements as mere investment. Conclusion A meeting of religious leaders rflects on how to connect with the impoverished populations in tenements. Riis questions how the love of God can be understood by thsoe only exposed to human greed. Rii underscores the necessity of addressing the living conditions in tenements through social responsibility and systemic change to foster a more just society. Charlotte Perkins Gilam, "Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper (1913) Context: Our Author is Charlotte Perkins Gilman, known for her semi- autobiographical short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892) It focuses on Mental Health and societal expectations for women. Responses To The Story Critiscism: Some medical professionals opposed to the story, claiming it could harm readers' mental health. A boston phsysician agreed it shouldn't be written, fearing it would drive anyone mad. Personal AnotherExperience physician praised it as an accurate depiction of early signs of insanity. Gilam suffered from a severe nervous breakdown and melancholia. Consequences she consulted aofrenowned Treatmentspecialist who prescribed the "rest cure", which involved strict limitations on her intellectual engagement and creativity Inspiration for the Story Following the specialist's advice led her to a near-mental breakdown. With support from a friend, she rejected this treatment and returned to work, which helped her recover. Inspired by her own struggles, she wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper" to express her experiences and ideas. She intended the story to illustrate the dangers of oppressive treatment methods, particularly for women. The story has been recognized for its literary merit and its ability to resonate with others facing similar challenges. It reportedly helped at least one woman escape a similar fate by encouraging her family to allow her more freedom.  Legacy Years later, Gilman learned that the Specialist who had originally treated her acknowledged a shift in his approach to treating neurasthenia after reading her work. Gilman emphasized that her goal was not to incite madness but to prevent it, highlighting the therapeutic potentioal of creative expression.  Henry Adams, The Education of Henrry Adams (1918) Background The Author Henry Adams, a prominent American historian and member of the Adams political family. The text reflects on his experiences at the Great Exposition in Paris in Experience at the Great Exposition 1900,exploring themes of knowledge and technology. Adams visited the Exposition frequently, yearning to understand the vast amounts of knowledge preented but feeling overwhelmed and helpless. He questioned how much could be grasped by even the msot informed individuals Adams met with Langley, who introduced him to advanced technologies Shiftthe like in Perspective Daimler moter and the automobile, highlighting the rapid progress and complexity of modern engineering. He became aware of the significant developments in electricity and machinery, particularly in the hall of dynamos. Reflection Adams began to percieve on Historical the dynamos as a moral force, akin to religious Understanding symbols, feeling a profound connection to the silent yet powerful energy they represented. The technological advancements felt more significant than traditional notions of nature and time, shifting his understanding of the world. Conclusion Adam critiques historians for their simplistic narratives, which often ignore the complexity of underlying forces. He describes a personal crisis in understanding as he confronts these "totally new" forces, feeling that his previous historical frameoworks were inadequate to explain the modern world. The experience left Adams with a disorientation regarding historical narratives and the rapid evolution of tech, illustrating the challenges of comprehending a rapidly changing society.  Ida B. Wells- Barnett, "Lynch Law in America (1900) Introduction Ida B. Wells-Barnett, born enslaved in mississippi, was a pioneering activist and journalist focused on exposing the horrors of lynching in America. The Main thesis:OfThe Nature text argues that lynching is a calculated, systematic Lynching crime rooted in racial prejudice, not a spontaneous act of mob violence Lynching is justified by a so-called "unwritten law" This law allows mobs to execute individuals without trial or legal representation. Racial VictimsBias are in denied basic legal rights; no trial by jury, no opportunity Accusations for defense This leads to wrongful executions, often of innocent individuals Any accusation by a white woman lead to lynching,regardless of the accused's reputation. Statisitcs This created an environment of fear and vulnerability for Black Men.' ad Reality Lynching, interestingly enough was rationalized as protective measures for white women This justification ignores the presumption of innocence and leads to a miscarriage of justice. An average of 200 people (mostly Black men) are lynched annually in the U.S. Many of these lynchings are not linked to crimes against women Wells-Barnett's research indicated that not even one-third of lynching victims were charged with assaults on women Many accusations were found to be unfounded upon investigation. Public Spectacle and Brutality Lynching perpetuates stereotypes of Black men as moral monsters Wells-Barnett argues that the violence against Black women by white men is often overlooked. Wells-barnett calls for recognition of the crimes agaisnt Black individuals and a reevaluation of societal narratives. Conclusion The text serves as a rallying cry for justice,urging the public to confront and dismantle the systemic racism underpinning lynching. Wells-Barnett's work reamins a foundational piece in understanding racial violence and the right for civil rights in America.  Growth,cities,and immigration: Crash Course US history The Agricultural Golden Age We've got the Westward movement post 1850, filing over a million land claims under the Homestead Act The agricultural market expanded due to increasing urban demand,makiing a s "second golden Urbanization age" of agriculture. Trends 1880: 20% of Americans lived in cities 1920: 68% lived in urban areas, with significant growth in cities like New Rise Yorkof Immigratioin and Chicago Techonological advancements included electric lights alongside urban growth Immmigrant Expenses Significant immigration from Ireland and Germany in the 19th century due to factors like the Irish Potato Famine. Many imigrants settled in cities, contributing to urban labor markets. Southern & Eastern European Immigration Irish immigrants, many of them became low-wage laborers but gradually found diverse job opportunities. German Immigrants predominantly farmers and skilled artisans, they contributed to urban entrepreneurship. By the 1890s, many immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe, facing both opportunities and discrimination. The immigration Restriction League sought to limit immigration,particularly targetting Asian immigrants.  Chinese Immigration and Discrimination The Chinese Exclusion Act enacted in 1882 reflected widespread racial discrimination against Chinese immigrants. Chinese immigrants foguth against discriminatory practices through legal channels. Mass Immigration as a Global Phenomenon Between Living 1840 and 1914, Conditions 40 million immigrants came to the U.S., with many for Immigrants also moving to other parts of the Western Hemisphere. Poor living conditions in croweded tenements led to health issues and the need forWealth and Social regulatory Segregation reforms. New rail systems improved city navigation but also contributed to urban crime Conclusion Urbanization led to visible economic disparities, prompting concerns about poverty and ineuqality. The rise of the progressive reform movement sought to address issues stemming from "urbanization and capitalism" These trends all shaped modern America.  Jim crow part 1| The Gilded Age (1865-1898) Overview of Jim Crow Segregation The timeframe is from 1877 to approximately 1954, with some extension beyond this period. This period is associated with the Civil RIghts Movements. The Jim Crow Laws impacted African American's voting rights, effectively losing them and enforced speration in public accommodation Public Accomodations There were various forms of segregation such as in transportaton (cars, buses). There was segragation down to the hotels,bathrooms,swimming pool, and water fountains. Legal Foundations African Americans faced second-class citizenship,limiting their rights and freedoms. Origin of the Term "Jim Crow" Jim Crow laws were encoded in law,legitimizing racial segregation. Emergence Not a specific of Jimperson; Crow aLaws stock character from minstrel shows. Minstrel Shows: Popular entertainment that portrayed African Americans in a derogatory manner. Jim Crow depicted as a "stupid slave", typically performed by white actors in blackface. Following the end of the Civil War and slavery Need for a new system to maintain racial hierarchy after slavery's abolition.  Timeline of Key events The end of the Civil War marked the official end of slavery in the U.S. The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed enslaved people in states of rebellion Post-Civil War Reality had questions of race relations and social strcuture in the South after slavery ended. Jim Crow Part 2| Gilded age (1865-1898) Overview of Reconstruction Post-Civil War era aimed at rebuilding the South and addressing the status of African Americans. The transition from a slavery-based system to a new social and legal framework. Civil War Context The Civil War did not initially aim to engage slavery but evolved into war for liberation. The Emancipation Proclomation (1863) declared freedom for enslaved people in rebellious states. Emergence of Black The 13th Amendment outlawed slavery, but did not define race relations or Codes citizenship rights. Definition: Laws encacted by Southern states post-war to regulate the lives of African Americans, effectively maintaining racial hierarchy. The following are basic rights granted, Right to marry, RIght to own property.  Restrictions Imposed by Black Codes The follwing are prevented Rights.. Ownership of firearms and freedom from labor contracts. This means that African Americans had to sign contracts to work,often for low wages. If they did not have a labor contract or left one, they were deemed "vagrants" Northern Reaction Northern lawmakers and citizens were shocked to see Southern states revert to oppressive laws reminiscent of slavery. Legislative The response from Radical Republicans a strong abolitionist fraction in Repsonse Congress aimed to secure rights for African Americans. The 14th Amendment passed to counter the Black Codes. The Key Provision are as follows.. granted full citzenship to anyone born in the U.S., ensured equal protection under the law for all citzens, regardless of race.  Jim crow part 3| Gilded age (1865-1898) Overview The Reconstruction era followed the Civil War,marked by attempts to integrate formerly enslaved African Americans into society. Black Codes Definition: Laws enacted by Southern states post-Civil War The purpose was to effectively maintained oppressive practices akin to slavery. African Americans Congressional Response had the following restrictions they were prevented from voting, prohibited ownership of firearms, and require labor contracts; vagancy laws led to imprisonment. Northern Republicans were appaled by the Black Codes after fighting to Enforcement of the 14th Amendment end slavery. The 14th Amendment (1868) guranteed full citizenship for anyone born in the U.S., regardless of prior servitude. They were also entitled to citizen rights and equal protection under the law. 15th Amendment Federal troops were sent to the South, dividing the region into military zones. Occupation continued until states revised their constitiutions to recognize the 14th Amendment. Passed in 1870 Voting Rights were extended to African American men, but women wouldnt gain suffrage until 1920. Military Occupation · Lasted from the passage of the 14th amendment until 1877 Troops were only removed after Southern States accepted equal citizenship for African Resistance andAmericans. Violence Deep-rooted beliefs from the 1600s made recognition of social equality a struggle.of Reconsttuction Conclusion Ku Klux Klan: Emerged during this period,conducting terrorists raids to intimidate African Americans and their allies. Only two states still had federal troops; others had revised their constituitions b7 1877. Racial equality was far from achieved This period ended,leading to the rise of Jim Crow Segregation, which will be discussed in the next video.  Jim Crow part 4| The Gilded age (1865-1898) 1876 Presidental Election Candidates: Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) Tiden won the popular vote Hayes won the electoral vote,leading to a contested election Compomise of 1877 A backroom deal allowed Hayes to become president. In exchange, Factors federal Leading troops to the were withdrawn from the South,ending Compromise milittary enforcement of the 14th Amendment. The prolonged military presence in the South (12 years post-Civil War) contributed to a sense of fatigue among Northerners. 'The Panic of 1873 caused an economic downturn,reducing financial Emergence support of Jim Crow Laws for Reconstruction efforts. As time passed, Northern support for African American rights diminished. Social Darwinism gained popularity reinforcing raicla hiearchies as new ethnic groups arrived in the U.S. Legal Challenges Led to Southern governments passing Jim Crow Laws within months. The Jim Crow Laws enforced racial segregatioin and disenfranchised African Americans. Examples: Laws preventing voting, intermarriage, and mndating seperate public facilities. Jim Crow laws directly violated the equal protection clause. Homer Plessy Case (1986) Plessy challenged segregation laws by sitting in a white-only train compartment Supreme court upheld "seperate but equal" doctrine,legitamizing segregation.  Impact of Jim Crow Jim Crow Laws persisted from 1877 to 1954, enforcing systemic racism in the South. Although segregation was less formalized in the North, de facto segregation Reflection onand racial prejudice peristed,especially in housing an Reconstruction unemployment. Conclusion African Americans were condemned to nearly a century of second-class status post-Reconstruction. The shift from Reconstruction to Jim Crow represented a signficant regression in civil rights, with long-lasting impacts on African American society and american history overall.The narrative concludes with a sense of mourning for the potential progress that could have been achieved had federal support continued.  Teddy rosevelt | his presidency & life Significance Teddy Resevelt was the first modern president and expanded the power of the executive office significantly During this period there was a shift in power dynamics in other words transitioned influence from Congress to the presiency,especially after the civil war. Presidental Philosophy Held belief in Executive Power asserts that the President could use all powers except those explicitly denied. Advocated for government intervention to achieve social and economic justice,challenging traditional notions of limited government. Key Actions and Policies Utilized Executive Orders for environmental conservation initiatives. Promoted an assertive stance in international relations. First Predient to leverage media for direct public communication,bypassing political parties. Popularity Became an extrordinary popular figure,connecting directly with the Fast Facts populace. Born in October 27, 1858 Died January 6th 1919 Born in New York Educated at Harvard College (Graduated in 1880) His relgion is Dutch Reformed. He was a author, a lawyer, and Public Official. He had two marriages Alice Hathaway Lee(1880-1884) and Edith Kermit Carow (1886-1948)  He had siz children Inagurated on September 14 1901 His Presidency ended on March President Number 26 He was burried in Oyster Bay, New York Family Background Second child of Theodore and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt Family included an older sister, Anna and younger sibblings Elliot and Corinne. Childhood Challenges Nicknames "Teedie"; suffered from chronic asthma Developed Impact ofaCivil love War for books and outdoors despite health issues Grew interested in nature, often collecting specimens Household dynamic affected by the Civil War; mother's southern roots Health and clashed withEducation father's pro-union stance. Experienced tensions during the war but found excitement in covert activities related to the conflict. Encouraged by his father to imrpove his physical heath; installed a gym at home. Homeschooled by family members and governess; did not attend formal schol due to health issues At 16, prepared for Harvard with a private tutor.  Harvard University and Early Political Movement Entered Harvard shortly before his 18th birthday, originally studying natural history. Struggled to fit in due to unconventional interests and style. Gained attention from professor for his inquistive natue Personal Tragedy Father died in 1878, deeply affecting Roosevelt; switched his major to history and government to honor his father's legacy. Saw politics as a platform for societal change,despite societal views on politics for wealthy gentlemen Personal Life and Early Political Career Met Alice Hathaway Lee in 1879; after persistent courtship, they married on his 22nd birthday Graduated from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts,ranking 21st in his class. Enrolled in Columbia University Law School but dropped out after one semester,finding it unegaging Ran for public office in 1881, elected to New York State Assembly and reelected twice Advocated for civil service reform and gained influence in local politics. Challenged and Tragedies In 1884, faced the death of his mother and wife Alice, both occuring within hours of each other. Named his daughter after Alice but never spole of her again, reflecting deep personal grief. Frustrated with party politics and forced compromises;opted out of running in 1884 to reflect on his future.  Life in the Dakota Territories Spent time in the Dakota territories,engaging in cattle ranching and frontier life. Wrote "The Winning of the West", reflecting on his experiences and beleifs about American individualism Returned to New York in 1886 after facing challenges in ranching Ran for Mayor of New York City, recognizing ti as a strategic move despite anticipated loss. Second Marriage and Continued Political Reform Rekindled friendship with childhood friend Edith during his poltical activies. Married Edith after the mayoral election and established their home at Sagamore Hill Political Career Advancement Appointed to Civil Service Commission by President Harris in 1889, where he promoted merit-based appointments. Resigned in 1895 to become Police Commissioner of New York City,continuing his reform efforts against corruption. Early Poltical Career SUpported Mckinley Campaigned vigorously for Republican candidate William McKinley in 1896 Appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, a role he had long desired. Advocated for a strong Navy to elevate the U.S. to a world power. Initiated the construction of new shups and modernization of naval training.  Spanish-American War Left the Navy position in 1989 to lead the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment. Achieved fame fro the charge at san Juan Kettle Hills in Cuba,becoming a national hero. Governship of New York Elected governor after returning from the war; adopted a moderate reform agenda. Balanced the interests of reformers and conservatives, earning respect from various factions. In 1900, nominated for Vice President to remove him from New York politics, despite reluctance. Political bosses viewed him as a threat due to his reform-mindedness. Presidency Became the 26th President after Mckinely's assassination in September 1901 At 42, he was the youngest person to hold office Promised to continue McKinley's policies, but quickly introduced his own reforms. Business and Labor Relations Advocated for stricter regulations of big businesses and trusts. Initiated lawsuits against companies like Northern Securities Company, earning the title "trust buster" Promoted fair treatment for both labor and management Mediated the United mine Workers strike in 1902, threatening intervention to encourage negotiations.  Foreign Policy Enunciated the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting U.S. dominance in Latin America. Acted decisively during the Venezuela crisis,preventing European powers from intervening. The Panama Canal Directed efforts to build a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Facilitated Panama's independence from Colombia to secure canal rights for the U.S. Personally inspected the canal construction in 1906 Conservation Efforts Expanded national forest by over 125 million acres SUpported the Reclamation Act of 1902 and established numerous bird sanctuaries. Re-election and International Diplomacy 1904 won re-election with the largest popular ote majority in histroy at the time Russo-Japanese War Mediation Played a pivotal role in mediating the peace treaty between Rusia and Japan in 1905 Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his diplomatic efforts Domestic Relations with Japan Addressed tensions following the war and segregation policies in San Francisco Negotiated the "Gentlemen's Agreement" to limit japanese immigration and end segregation Continued Reforms Advocated for the Hepburn Railway Act in 1906 to address unfair railway practices. Aimed to create a more equitable business environment. Progressive Reforms and Legislation Upton Sinclair "The Jungle" prompted Roosevelt to investigate meatpacking conditions. His threats to Congress led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Food and Drug Act in 1906. Military and Diplomatic Initiatives In 1907, Roosevelt sent a flet of sixteen warships on a world tour to showcase American naval power,symbolizing peace. This action was part of his "Big Stick" diplomacy. Political Landscape Faced resistance from conservative Republican but maintained popularity,allowing him to push through many reforms. Selected William Howard Taft as his successor, expecting him to uphold progressive reforms. taft's presidency diverged from Roosevelt's ideals,causing rifts within the Republican Party. Return to Nature and Safari In 1909, Roosevelt embarked on a scientific exploration safar in Africa with his son Kermit, collecting specimens and trophies. Political Comeback and the Bull Moose Party Upon returning to the U.S. in 1910, Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's policies. The progressive faction sought Roosevelt's leadership,prompting him to run for president again under the "Bull Moose" Party after failing to secure the Republican Nomination in 1912. On October 14, 1912, he survived an assassination attempt; a bullet lodged in his chest and still finished delivering his campaign speech. The split in the Republican Party allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilsoon to win, with Roosevelt finishing second and Taft third. Later Life and World War | In 1914, he explored the Brazilian interior but contracted jungle fever and faced significant health challenges. Called for military preparedness against Germany during WW1, criticizing President Wilson's reluctance to enter the war. Offered to raisw a volunteer division but was refused. Family Tragedy His youngest son, Quentin, was killed in an air battle in July 1918, deeply affecting Roosevelt Health Decline and Death Underwent surgeries in early 1918,resulting in hearing loss and revealing he had been blind in his left eye since 1905. Theodore Roosevelt died on January 6,1919, from a blood clot.He was buried in Oyster Bay, New York, as per his wishes,without fanfare or a eulogy. Roosevelt's presidency and post-presidency activism significantly shaped American domestic policy, and foreign relations, leaving a lastimg impact on the nation.  Spanish American War Background Cuban Independence Struggle began in 1895, drawing American sympathy Divided Opinions: Republican Speaker of the House opposed military intervention unless U.S. interests were threatened. Theodore Roosevelt,Assistant Secretary of the Navy,pushed for war. President McKinley's Reluctance McKinley, a Civil War Veteran, was hesitant about another conflict,recalling the carnage he had witnessed. Despite his reservations,risinig publilc sentiment forced him toward war. Role of the Press Newspaper magnates like William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Putlitzer incited war fervor with dramatic reports of Spanish atrocities. A leaked letter from Spanish Diplomat Enrique Duby de lome called McKinley "weak" The press used this as fuel, publishing headlines like "WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED STATES IN ITS HISTORY" Declaration of War The explosion of USS Maine in Havana harbor, blamed on a mine, heighteneed calls for action After visiting Cuba, Senator Redfield Proctor publicly suppported intervention, citing the plight of Cubans Congressional Action Adoped alongside the war declaration, it stated the U.S. would not annex Cuba,aiming to quell imperalist fears. European leaders,particularly Britain's Queen Victoria, expressed shock at U.S. intentions.  Congressional Action Teller Amendement Adopted alongside the war declaration, it stated the U.S. would not annex Cuba, aiming to quell imperialist fears. European leaders,particularly Britain's Queen Victoria,expressed shock at U.S. intentions. Outcomes of the War The U.S. swiftly defeated Spain and set up a military governmentin Cuba. The Platt Amendment required Cuban acceptance of U.S. intervention rights to protect life and property. This was seen as a means to control Cuban sovereignty. Territorial Gains The war resulted in U.S. control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines,solidifying American's position as a global power.  destruction of uss main (1898) Sensational Journalism William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were known for their sensationalized new stories, often exaggerating or fabricatind details Their reporting significantly influenced public opinion,contributing to the growing tensions between the U.S. and Spain. The U.S.S Main Incident The struggle for Cuban independence from Spanish rule heightened tensions, as the U.S. was emerging as a global power. Then... The U.S.S. Main was one of the first American warships, sent to Havana in January 1898 to protect U.S. citizens amid rising as a global power. On February 15, 1898, the ship sank afer a catastrophic explosion,resulting in the deaths of 252 crew members. The ship's ammunation continued to explode for hours. Media Response Hearst and Pultizer quickly capitalized on the disaster, suggesting Spanish sabotage. Headlines: The New York Journal's headline read, "DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS WORK OF AN ENEMY", furthering inflaming public sentiment against Spain. Conclusion The sensationalist reporting by Hearst and Pulitzer played a crucial role in shaping public perception,contributiing to the U.S. decision to engage in the Spanish-American War.  The Breakup of China and our interest in it (1899) Introduction The cycle of sixty years ending in 1899 marked a crucial era for China, characterized by crisis in East-West relations. The years 1839 and 1899 represent key moments in the struggle over China's integrity and global standing. Growing Tensions with the West Initially, the Western powers underestimated China's potential and treated it as a lesser player on the global stage. The Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) highlighted China's vulnerability and Japan's rise as a power. Western Miscalculations Western observers failed to recognize the complexities within China and Japan,assuming Chinese dominance over Japan. British envoys showed a lack of understanding and respect towards Chinese authority, undermining British interests. American Perspective American commercial interests in China were minimal leadiing to a focus on missonaries rather than trade. An influx of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. fueled racial tensions, further complicating relations. Japan's Expansion and Impact Japan's military successes changed perceptions of power dynamics in Asia. European nations began to shift their focus towards Japan as a potential threat,previously directed at China.  Consequences of the Treaty of Shimonseki The treaty signified the loss of Chinese suzerainty over Korea and furthered international meddling in Chinese affairs. Influential figures like Lord Charles Bresford advocated for maintaining open trade in China to prevent its disintregation Economic Implications The U.S. export trade to China had significantly increased, presenting opportunities for American businesses. The U.S. faced challenged from inferior Russian products,risking market share. Diplomatic Complexities Lord Beresford emphasized the importance of cooperation among Western powers to stabilize China and maintain trade. The tension between upholding an open market and conceding to spheres of influence reamiains a central issue. Future Considerations The U.S. must decide whether to engage with China as a whole or through fragmented interests. The U.S. should actively protect its commerical interests in Asia through a stategic and informed foreign policy. Conclusion There is a growing American interest in Asia, with organizations forming to promote trade and political engagement. A wise approach to foreign policy and commerce could significantly enchance U.S. influence and trade in the region.  black man's burden: a reponse to kipling (1899) Context of Kiplling's Poem Published in February 1899. Rudyard Kipling urged the United states to embrace imperialism, framing it as a moral obligation. Theodore Roosevelt praised Kipling's message despite criticizing its poetic quality, seeing it as sensible for expanionist policy. African American Reponse Many African American challenged the idea of the "white man's burden" arguing against the justification of empire-buildiing through the oppression of others. In April 1899, African-American clergyman H.T Johnson wrote "The Black Man's Burden" as a direct counter to Kipling's narrative. Theme's of "The Black Man's Burden" Johnson highlighted the parallels between the oppression of colonized peoples in the Philippines and the systemic racism faced by African Americans The poem serverd to raise awareness about the struggles of marginalized communities both abroad and at home. The Black Man's Burden Association A group was organized to advocate against imperialism and emphasize the shared plight of oppressed peoples The association aimed to connect the mistreatment of Filipinos with the ongoing injustices faced by black Americans,fostering solidiarity across racial lines. Conclusion "The Black Man's Burden" reflected a critical perspective on imperialism, emphasiziing that the struggles of oppressed groups are interconnected. This reponse to Kipling's work contributed to the larger discourse on race,imperalism and social justice at the turn of the century.  James d. Phelan, "why the chinese should be excluded" (1901) Background Act initially passed iin 1882,renewed in 1892, and set to expire in May 1901. The purpose was to gather support for the renewal laws of restricting Chinese immigration Arguments for Exclusion Phelan argues that the Chinese reamin non-assimilative and undesirable as citisens,reinforcing the need for exclusion. He claims that the Exclusion Act has successfully reduced immigration and improved industrial conditions in California, leading to greater prosperity. Economic and Social Impact Prior to the Exclusion Laws,California faced severe labor troubles, riots and social unrest due to high unemployment and competition from Chinese labor. Phelan cited referendum showing overwhelming opposition to Chinese immigration, with 154,638 votes against it compared to just 833 votes in favor. Political Considerations A congressional committee favored exclusion based on evidence of potential civil disorder if the policy were not continued. The exclusion is framed as a necesary measure to safeguard the interests of the white population and American Institutions. Cultural Concerns Phelan argues that Vhinese culture is inferior and incompatible with American values, which he believes is essential for maintenance of free gov. He describes the chinese as lacking famillial and civic responsibilities,contributing to societal decay and health issues.  Conclusion Phelan concludes that admitting Chinese immigrants would threaten America civilization and its future, arguing that while they may be effective laborers,they canot become good citizens.  The Platt amendment,1901 Background Following the U.S. occupation of Cuba after the Spanish-American War (1898), the Platt Amendment was drafted to outline U.S.- Cuban relations. The Author is secretary of war Elihu Root. Became part of the Cuban Constitution in 1902 depsite Cuban resistance The amendment remained in effect until it was abrogated in 1934. Key Provisions Cuba could not enter treaties that would impare its independence or allow foreign powers to gain control over any part of the island. Cuba was prohibited from assuming any public debt that could not be paid off with ordinary revenue after government expenses were met. The U.s. retained the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve indpendence, maintain a government capable of protecting life and property, and fufill obligations from the Treaty of Paris. All actions taken by the U.S. during its military occupation of Cuba were validated. Cuba was required to implement sanitation plans to prevent epedemics, which would benefit both Cuban and U.S. commerce. The Isle of Pines status was left to be determined by a future treaty, not included in Cuba's constitution boundaries. Cuba agreed to sell or lease lands for U.S. naval stations for defense to ensure Cuban independence. The provisions of the Amendment were to be incorporated into a permanent treaty between U.S. and Cuba.  Significance The Platt Amendment established a framework that allowed the U.S. significant control over cuban affairs,limiting its sovereignty. Set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Latin America and reinforced the notion of the U.S. as a regional power. Conclusion The Platt Amendment exemplifies the complex relationship between the U.S. and Cuba highlighting issues of sovereignty, intervention, and the dynamic of power in the early 20th century.  William mckinley on american expansion Context of Acquisition Mckinley expresses that he did not initially want the Phillippines and felt unprepared when they came under the U.S. control after Spain's defeat. He recounts the strategic decisions to send Admiral Dewey to Manila to destory the spanish fleet, emphasizing the urgency of this action to protect U.S. interests. Internal Struggle After the victory, McKinley experienced a profound struggle over what to do with the Phillippines. He sought advice from various political figures but found little guidance. McKinley shares his personal turmoil,admitting to praying for divine guidance during sleepless nights. Justice for Annexation McKinley argues that returning the islands to Spain would be dishonorable Handing the Philippines over to countries like France or Germany would jeopardize American commercial interests in Asia. He believed that Filipinos were unfit for self-government and feared chaos would ensue if they were left to manage their own affairs. McKinley concludes that the U.S. had a duty to "Uplift" and "civilize" the Fili[inos,framing this as a moral obligation rooted in chrisitian values. Conclusio n McKinely resolved to formally incorporate the Philippines into the United States and emphasized they would remain under U.S. control for the duration of his presidency.  William james on "the philippine question" (1903) Ilussions of American Exceptionalism James begins by challenging the belief that Americans are fundamentally different from other nations, free from the imperalist tendencies that have historically characterized European powers. He argues that every nation, including the U.S., has the capacity for both noble and predatory impulses. This duality ecists in all national identities,highlighting that American ideals of liberty and justice coexist with a capacity for imperialism. Critique of Imperialism James suggests that the U.S. has abandoned its foundational principles such as those articulatd in the constitution and George Washington's Farewell address. He views this as a betrayl of American values. He lamanents that America has willingly aligned itself with aggressive global powers, engaging in actions that breed fear and resentment rather than cooperation. Conclusio n James calls for critical self-examination of American motives, urging a return to a more ethical approach to international relations. He warns against allure of power that distracts from the nation's orignal ideas of democracy and self-governanace.  Mark Twain, "The war prayer" (ca.1904-5) Setting The The story begins with a vivid description of a nation rallying behind its Scene soldiers, filled with enthusiasm and fervor as they prepare for battle.Flags wave, oratory stirs emotions, and churches resound with prayers for protection and success. The Arrival of the Stranger An aged stranger enters the chruch,bearing a grave message from god. He interrupts the prayer service, drawing attention to the dual nature of prayer-what is spoken and what is silently wishes for. The Unspoken Prayer This stranger reveals the hidden aspects of the congregation's prayers. While they beseech divine aid for their soldiers,they simultaneously invoke horrific consequences for their enemies. He articulates the violent results of their pleas for victory,emphasizing the suffering and destructon that accompany war. The Irony of War Twain's narrative starkly contrasts the noble intentions of the worshippers with the brutal reality of their desires. The stranger's vivid imagery highlights the pain inflicted on innocents, forcing the audience to confront the moral implications of their nationalism. Conclusio n In the end, the audience dismisses the stranger as mad,illustrating society's discomfort with harsh truths of war. Twains satire underscores the hypocrisy of bind patronism and the ethical dilemmas fced in the pursuit of glory. Through "The War Prayer" Twain critiques the glorification of war and the moral blindness that often accompanies fervent nationalism, calling for a deeper reflection on the true costs of victory.  Crash course: Imperialism Overview of American Imperialism Defined as the expansion of U.S. influence and territory beyond its continental borders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries This period is known as "New Imperialism", characterized by European powers colonizing Asia and Africa. Historical Context The U.S. exhibited imperialistic tendencies from its founding,pushing westward and displacing Native Americans and Mexicans. This early expansion is comparable to the Russian Empire's territorial control over Central Asia. Economic Motivations The U.s. sought new markets for its goods due to industrial growth. The economic depression of the 1890s intensified from the push for overseas expansion. Economic struggles led historians to argue that imperialism served as a remedy for domestic issues. Military and National Pride Influential naval officer Alfred Thayer Mahan advocated for a strong maritime presence. The U.S. aimed to control sea routs,including plans for the Panama Canal. National pride suerged with rituals like the Pledge of Allegiance and Flag Day,linking patriotism to imperial pursuits. Key Imperial Ventures Hawaii was annexed in 1898,providing valuable resources like sugar and a strategic naval base at Pearl Harbor.  The spanish American war had been sparked by Cuban struggles for independence, the U.S. engaged in a conflict that resulted in territorial gains. Notable outcomes included the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philipines, reflecting a broader imperial agenda. Aftermath and Consequences Following the acquisition of the Philipines, the U.S. faced a rebellion from Filipino leaders seeking independence. The resulting onflict (1899-1903) led to significant loss of life and highlighted American atrocities against civilians. The U.S. implemented policies that Prioritized economic interests over local rights in its territories. Ongoing Legacy Anti-imperialists critiqued the moral implications of empire- building,emphasizing the contradiction between imperialism and democratic ideals. Proponets of imperialism argued it was a means to foster trade and expand American influence. The motivations for American imperialism particularly economic expansion continue to influence U.S. foreign policy today.  Foreign policy,latin america edition video Introductio n Key figures include James Monroe, WIlliam Howard Taft, and JFk. Development of U.s. foreign policy toward Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the Cold War. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) Crafted by John Quincy Adams during Monroe's presidency. Asserted that Europe and America had different poltical systems (monarchies vs. democracy) States that Europe must not interfere in Latin America affairs. In return, U.S. would avoid involvement in European conflicts. initially symbolic; the U.S. was not a strong power Became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy over time The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Arisinig from debt crisis in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic Extended the Monroe Doctrine,allowing U.s. intervention in Latin America. The U.S. assumed the role of a police power in Latin America Increased tensions with Latin American nations, who resented foreign intervention. Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1913) President: WIlliam Taft Focused on increasing U.S. investments in Latin America. Goals: Encourage American businesses to invest abroad Protect U.S. economic interests in the region. Heightened U.S. involvement in Latin American affairs primarily for economic reasons.  The Good Neighbor Policy (1933) President: Franklin D. Roosevelt Objective was to Improve U.S.-Latin American relations by reducing military intervention. Actions: Withdraw U.s. troops from several Latin American countries Promote trade and economic cooperation Impact: Improved diplomatic relations and increased trade with Latin America. Bays of Pigs Invasion (1961) Background: CIA-backed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba The plan began under Eisenhower but occured during JFk's presidency The invasion failed due to lack of U.S. air support. Consequences: Damaged U.S. credibility in Latin America Strengthened ties between Cuba and Soviet Union. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 13-day standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over missile deployment in Cuba. U.S. spy planes identified Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, threatening the U.S. Closest the world ever came to nuclear war Resolution: Krushchev agreed to remove missiles in exchange for U.S. promises: To withdraw missiles from Turkey Not to invade Cuba again Siginificance: Example of brinksmanship in Cold War politcs Conclusio n U.S. foreign policy in Latin America evolved from isolationism to active intervention, influenced by economic interests and the geopolitical landscape.  American Empire Zapid Uranization an n ustalization economic and social shifts due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in the late 19th century. Migration westward and urban areas, with a significant African American migration to northern cities. unprecedented immigration levels. Social and Economic Challenges : ran vs Zura Srugges. Urban areas benefited from technological advances like electricity and running water. Rural farmers faced increased competition,costly machinery, and falling prices. Emergence of Pressivism Began as a response to social needs and evolved into reform movement. Rejected social Darwinism; aimed to address poverty, poor healthy, violence,greed,racism, and class warfare through education, environment improvements, workplace efficiency, and honest government. Rey Figures and uckrakers ovements investigate journalists like Jacob Riis raised awareness of social issues and exposed corruption. Their work inspired reformist legislation at both state and national levels. Social G s elers , Religious figures sought to combine sacred and secular efforts for social change. Promoted labor and living condition reforms and opposed individualism.  Pragma-is's Advocates like John Dewey emphasized applied knowledge and direct government transformation through education. Women's Cntri utions Activism an Zef um Women’s groups advocated for gender equality, prison reform, public kindergartens, and daycare for working mothers. Contributed to the passage of the 19th amendment and workplace health safety and legislation. Puffessiona and I r vomen's Professionalization Demand systemic licensing and professionalization to combat fraud and corruption. abor Unions Used strikes and boycotts to address factory conditions. Radical groups like the “Wobblies” called for significant social change. G vernment Suppor and egisation Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency Supported monitoring of corporations for corruption while acknowledging their value. Progressives were elected to Congress, leading to federal programs like The Children’s Bureau and the Sheppard-Towner Act (1920) for maternal and infant health. End F-z Era The Progressive Era’s decline coincided with World War I, as the war’s brutality led many to question the effectiveness of progressivism and associate it with the war’s horrors.  overview of the progressive era Quick Intro The progressive Era, occurring in primarily in the early 20th century,encompassed significant economic, political,social and moral reforms in American society. It emerged as a reponse to a rapid industrialization, urbanization, and a desire to address widespread issues such as corruption and inequality. Key Aspects of Progressivism Progressivism sought to outlaw alchohol, regulate child lbor,improve sanitiation, and control monopolies. Primarily fueled by urban,educated middle class,reformers aimed to eliminate governmental corruption and enchance public welfare. Inititatives included direct primaries, direct election of senators, and women's suffrage. Muckcracking Journalism They highlited exploitation of child labor, corruption,lynching, and unethical business practices. Local Reforms: Initiatives included establishing municipal parks,reforming city governments, and improving education systems. Legislative Achievements At the state level minimum wage laws, industrial accident insurance, and restrictions on child labor On the National Level Federal regulations of industries (e.g., meat- packing, drug, and railroads), strengthening anti-trust laws, and several constitutional amendments. Racial The Issues early 20th century was marked by severe reacial discrimination Legal systems in the South enforced segregation, and many African Americans lvied as tenant farmers or sharecroppers. Figures like Booker T. Washington advocated for economic integration, while activists like Ida B. Wells and W.E.B. Du Bois is called for civil rights  The Great Migration World War 1 labor demands spurred migration of African Americans to northern cities,which led to: Cultural Movement: New efforts in black political and economic organizations,highlighted by Marcus Garvey's emphasis on racial pride and the Harlem Renaissance's artistic expressions. This migration was often met wit violence and resistance in cities like Chicago and Tulsa. Women's Suffrage Movement Despite high literacy rates,women faced legal and social discrimination, especially after the American Revolution. Women led efforts in various social reforms,including the abolition of slavery and temperance,culminating in the first Women's Rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848. Conclusio The nProgressive Era was a complex time marked by significant efforts to reform American society addressing the issue of inequality,governance, and public welfare while also facing challenges related to race and gender. The period set the stage for future civil rights advancements and societal changes.  W.e.b. du bois Early Life Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Son of Mary Silvina Burghardt (domestic worker) and Alfred Du Bois (barber and itinerant laborer) Alfred Du Bois had a mixed-race background and deserted the family shortly after Will's birth. Attended a racially integrated high school; graduated in 1884 as the first African American. Influenced by principal Frank Hosmer,who encouraged his academic pursuits. Higher Education! Fisk university, was enrolled in 1885 after his mother's death,immersing in Southern culture and racism. Transferred to Harvard as a junior; earned BA (1890), and PHD (1895) Influenced by scholars like Albert Bushnell Hart and William James Studied at the University of Berlin (1892-1894); focused on historical and soiological research. Early career Taught at Wilberforce University (1894-1896) and married Nina Gomer in 1896. Conducted the monumental study "The Philadelphia Negro" (1899) using extensive fieldwork to examine Black life in Philadelphia. Delivered the address "The Study of the Negro Problem", outlining scholarly methods for analyzing Black experiences.  Major Contributions "The Souls of Black Folk" (1903): A collection of essays critiquing racial accommodation and advocating for civil rights. "John Brown" (1909): An interpretation of the abolitionist's life,emphasizing moral courage. Emphasized the importance of empirical research in understanding the African American experience. Advocated for the development of a "Talented Tenth" an educated elite to lead the fight for civil rights. Civil Rights Activism There was opposition to Booker T. Washington Initially aligned with Washington's ideas but later crticized his approach to racial compromise. Joined the Niagara Movement (1905), advocating for full civil and political rights for African Americans. co-founded the National Association for The Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, serving as the editor of its journal,"The Crisis" Later life and Legacy Emigrated to Ghana in the 1960s,becoming a citizen; continued to advocate for Pan-Africanism. Died on August 27,1963 Conclusio n Du Boi's work laid the intelluctual foundationfor the Civil Rights Movement and continues to influence discussions on race,sociology and identity today. His advocacy for African American culture and rights remain a cornerstone of American social justice efforts.  The Niagara Movement Established in 1905 as a reponse to racial segregation and violence. Aimed to promote civil rights and advocate for poltical activism among African Americans They of course faced challenges... Lacked sufficient funding and faced opposition from Booker T. Washington and his supporters. Struggled to gain traction amidst the rising tide of racial violence and systemic discrimination. Formation of the NAACP Founded in 1909 following a conference to address the violence and deteriorating status of Black Americans, particularly after the Springfield,illinois riots. Brought together Black leaders and liberal white allies to create a united front against racial injustice. Mission and Activities Opposed Washington's policy of accommodation; pursued a more militant stance. Engaged in legal actions,lobbying, and propaganda campaigns targeting lynching, Jim Crow Laws and disenfranchisement. W.E.B Du Bois's Role Became an office and the only Black board memeber of NAACP in 1910;; also edited its monthly magaziine, "The crisis" Established "The Crisis" as a key platofrm for black intellectuals and cultural discourse Advocated for NAACP policies, criticized white opposition, and highlighted various aspects of Black life and culture.  Pan-Africanism and Global Activism Attended the first Pan-African conference in London in 1900, sparking his interest in global issues affecting people of African descent. Participated in multiple Pan-African congresses between 1911 and 1945, addressing colonialism and racial issues. Critiqued Marcus Garvey's approaches but later collaborated on the Manchester Pan-African conference in 1945.. Responses to World War 1 Published "Close Ranks: in 1918, urging African Americans to support the war effort while setting aside grievances. Advocated for equal treatment of Black soldiers and organized protests against racism. Investigated discrimination against Black troops serving in Europe Evolving Thought and Departure from NAACP WW1 influenced Du Bois's analysis of race and class issues, as reflected in his work "Darkwater: Voices within the Veil" (1920). Explored broader socio-political contexts,including the roles of colonization,labor exploitation and economic inequality. Resignation from NAACP Increasing ideological differences with NAACP leadership,especially regarding Marxism and economic cooperatives. Resigned in June 1934, marking a shift in his advocacy approach. Conclusio n Du Bois's contributions through the NAACP and "The Crisis" helped shape African American intellectual life and civil rights activism His evolving views on race,class and global struggles continue to influence contemporary discourse on social justice and equality.  Appointment at Atlanta Univeristy Became chair of the sociology department at Atlanta University in 1934 Founded and edited Phylon, a scholarly journal,from 1940 to 1944. Key Publication Authored "Black Reconstruction in America (1935), highlighting the role of Black Americans in the Reconstruction era. Wrote "Dusk of Dawn (1940), a significant autobioographical essay reflecting on race concepts. Return to the NAACP Rejoined in 1944,focusing on special research despite tensions with former antagonist Walter White The organizat