Bones, Joints, and Problems PDF

Joints ▪Ligaments-binds bone to bone Ex. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (Front side knee) Posterior Cruciate Ligament (back side knee) ▪Tendons- Attach bone to muscle ▪Ex. Achilles Tendon-at heel of foot Joints ▪ Place in which 2 bones meet. ▪ Construction varies to either allow the bones at a...

Joints ▪Ligaments-binds bone to bone Ex. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (Front side knee) Posterior Cruciate Ligament (back side knee) ▪Tendons- Attach bone to muscle ▪Ex. Achilles Tendon-at heel of foot Joints ▪ Place in which 2 bones meet. ▪ Construction varies to either allow the bones at a joint to move or prevent movement. ▪ Types of Joints-in the body: ▪ Immovable Skull, Pelvis ▪ Partially movable Vertebrae, ribs to vertebrae ▪ Free movable Ball & Socket-shoulder , hip Hinge-elbow, knee, fingers, toes Pivot-forearm, neck Gliding-wrist, ankle  Immovable Joints ▪ Two bones connect with little to no movements.  Partially Movable ▪ Can move a little, but no big range of motion.  Ball & Socket Joint ▪ Bone can move in any direction.  Hinge Joint ▪ Swings back and forth, like a door. Ex. Elbow, Knee, Fingers and Toes.  Pivot Joint ▪ Bone rotates around another bone.  Gliding Joint ▪ Bones slide over on another. BONE AND JOINT PROBLEMS  Fractures ▪ Is a break in the bone ▪ Three main types of bone fractures Greenstick-common in children Bones mostly are cartilage, bend easily like a twig They crack or partially break Hence the word “Greenstick”  Fractures ▪ Simple fracture ▪ Bone breaks into 2 pieces ▪ Dr.’s say “clean break” ▪ Compound fracture ▪ Bone pierces the skin Where is the Compound?  Healing Process ▪ When break occurs, tissues around it swell ▪ Blood rushes to break ▪ Sticky material forms-which help to glue bones together. ▪ Gradually, cells and minerals cement bones together. Usually 6-8 weeks healing time Cast only holds the bones together, bones repair themselves. ▪ If bones heal properly- the healed portion will be stronger than before do to the many mineral deposits on break ▪ Steel pins are surgically inserted when bones are crushed or fractured into pieces. Connective Tissue ▪ Ligament- connects bone to bone ▪ Most famous- ACL: in the knee Connective ▪ Tendons- connect muscle to bone ▪ Most famous is the Achilles in the heel Connective ▪ Cartilage- found between movable bones to act as cushion.  Injured Joints ▪ Sprain- most common joint injury. Occurs when ligaments, around a joint, are stretched, the joint is moved too far from a sudden twist or too much pressure. In a severe sprain, these might be torn. The swelling around injury are the broken capillaries ( small blood vessels), if you drain the fluid it is usually dark red. It actually gives comfort to injury, but not to you, that is why Dr. drain it. ▪ High Ankle sprain Sprain of the ligaments that connect the tibia and fibula, this is above the ankle---hence it is called high ankle. If it is stable---then rehab will be enough to heal…..but, if unstable---that means the tibia and fibula are free to move around and surgery is required and possibly insert screws for healing  Healing Process ▪ Depends on the ligament: ▪ Sometimes just rest and keeping weight off of joint might help: R.I.C.E. Treatment ▪ R-Rest ▪ I-Ice, 20 minutes on, 20 minutes off ▪ C-Compression ▪ E-Elevation ▪ Light Rehab- to strengthen the injury 2-3 weeks ▪ If light rehab does not work, then minor surgery might be needed. Ex. Arthroscopic surgery- 4-6 weeks recovery ▪ Need major surgery for repair ex. ACL Use a “Graft” to replace ligament. Use part of your own body Kneecap tendon or hamstring tendon as a replacement part ▪ Recovery-Physical Therapy- 10-12 months recovery time ▪ Lingering problems Occasional swelling around the injury, need to ice it down Aches and pain over time Scar tissue can develop and needs to be removed through minor surgery Ligaments of a joint where the dead tissue sticks to and causes redness and soreness  Dislocation ▪ Bones are pulled out of joint. ▪ Ligaments are severely stretched or torn. ▪ Dislocated bone ends must be placed back into position and held in place with a bandage. ▪ Cartilage is usually torn and requires surgery to remove part or all of it. Arthroscopic surgery usually needed. ▪ Injury to cartilage between two vertebrae is called a ruptured disc. May press on a nerve Causing numbness and pain