Body Movement Terminologies PDF

CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 BODY MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGIES Superior – nearer the head or situated above Abduction – movement of a part away from Inferior– nearer the feet or situated be...

CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 BODY MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGIES Superior – nearer the head or situated above Abduction – movement of a part away from Inferior– nearer the feet or situated below the central axis of the body or body part Peripheral – refers to part at or near the Adduction – movement of a part toward the surface, edge or outside of another body central axis of the body or body parts part Extension – straightening of a joint; normal Medial – parts toward the median plane of position of joint. the body or toward the middle of another Flexion – act of bending a joint; the opposite body part of extension. Lateral – parts away from the medium plane Hyperextension – forced or excessive of the body or away from the middle of extension of a limb or joints another body part to the right or left Hyperflexion – forced over flexion of a limb Superficial – parts near the skin or surface or joints. Deep – refers to parts far from the surface Eversion – outward turning of the foot at the Distal – refers to parts farthest from the ankle. point of attachment, point of reference, Inversion – inward turning of the foot at the origin or beginning; away to the center of the ankle. body Pronation – rotation of the forearm so that Proximal – refers to parts nearer the point of the palm is down. attachment, point of reference, origin or Supination – rotation of the forearm so that beginning; toward the center of the body the palm is up External – refers to parts outside an organ or Rotation – turning or rotation of the body or on the outside of the body a body part around its axis Internal – refers to parts within or on the Circumduction – circular movement of a inside of an organ limb Parietal – refers to the covering of an organ Tilt – tipping or slanting a body part slightly. Palmar – refers to sole of the foot or to the Plantar flexion–moving the feet downward. palm of the hand Dorsiflexion –moving the feet upward. Dorsum – refers to the top or anterior RELATIONSHIPS surface of the foot or to the back or posterior Anterior – ventral; forward or front part of surface of the hand the body or organ Volar – refers to the palm of the hand or side Posterior – dorsal; back part of a body or of the foot organ Supine – position assumed when lying on the Caudad – away from the head of the body back with the face up; or referring to the Cephalad – toward the head of the body hands, palms up  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Prone – lying face down, or if referring to the Hamulus – hook-shaped process hands, with the palms down Head – expanded end of a long bone Longitudinal – lengthwise or along the long Horn – horn-like process on a bone axis Line – less prominent ridge thana crest; an Transverse – across or at right angles to the elevation long axis Malleolus – club-shaped process Vertical – perpendicular to the horizon Protuberance – projecting part or Horizontal – parallel to the horizon prominence ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS Spine – sharp process Styloid – long, pointed C1– mastoid tip (Atlas) process. C2-C3 – gonion (Axis) Trochanter – large, rounded, and elevated C5 – thyroid cartilage or Adam’s apple process C7 – vertebra prominens Tubercle – small, rounded, and elevated T1 – 2” superior to sternal notch process T2-T3 –manubrial or suprasternal notch, Tuberosity – large, rounded and elevated superior margin of scapula process located at junction of neck and shaft T4-T5 – sternal angle of femur. T7 – inferior angle of scapula ANATOMICAL DEPRESSIONS (me) T9-T10 – xiphoid process Fissure – cleft or deep groove T10 – xiphoid tip Foramen – hole in a bone for transmission of L3 – lower costal margin blood vessels and nerve L3-L4 – level of umbilicus Notch – indentation into the border of a L4 –most superior aspect of iliac crest bone S1 – ASIS Sinus – recess, groove, cavity, or hollow C – pubic symphysis & greater trochanter space ANATOMICAL PROCESSESS (FRACTURE PRONE) Sulcus – furrow, trench, or fissure-like Condyle – rounded process at an articular depressions extremity BODY POSITIONS (Ariana grande) Coracoid – beak-like process Dorsal or Supine – lying flat on back with Coronoid – crown-like process knees straight and arms atsides Crest – ridge-like process Prone – lying flat on stomach with knees Epicondyle – projection above a condyle straight, arms can either beunder head or Facet – small, smooth-surfaced process for atsides articulation Dorsal recumbent – lying on back with knees bent and feet flat on the examination table  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Lateral – on the side with the top leg over HEMOPTYSIS – Coughing of blood the bottom HEMATEMESIS – Vomiting of blood Sims’ – lies between supine and prone with HERNIA – Protrude legs flexed in front of the patient ILEUS – Obstruction Fowler’s – head and torso elevated 15° to POLYPS – Inward pouching 90° REFLUX – Abnormal flow Trendelenburg – head and torso is lower RICKETS – Disease of the skeletal system than the heart SEPSIS – Blood infection Reverse Trendelenburg – head and torso is SPUR – Bony projection growing out of a higher than the heart bone Lithotomy – laying on back with knees bent, STENOSIS – Narrowing thighs apart, and the feet in stirrups. RADPATHOLOGY COMMON PATHOLOGY OR PATHOLOGICAL DISEASE ETHIOLOGY Lack of “ease”, abnormal disturbance in the ABSCESS – Inflammatory reaction. Ball of Pus function and structure of the human body ACHALASIA – Abnormal contraction Pathology – study of disease and how it ADHESIONS – Bands of fibrous connective impacts the human body tissue that connect organs and tissues that Iatrogenic – results from medical treatment are normally separate Nosocomial infection – acquired from a ANEURYSM – Bulge or ballon like health care environment appearance PATHOGENESIS ATRESIA – Congenital defect. Without an Study of the origin and development of organ or no organ formation disease CALCULI – Stone Sign – observable by the healthcare worker CARCINOMA/NEOPLASM – Mass, tumor, Symptom – Patient’s perception cancer Syndrome – Group of signs and symptoms CHALASIA – Abnormal relaxation that characterize the disturbance CYST – Fluid filled sac that can form Etiology – Study of the cause and origin of anywhere In the body disease DIVERTICULUM – Outpouching Idiopathic – Refers to the fact that there may DYSPHAGIA – Difficulty in swallowing be no real cause for the disease EDEMA – Abnormal accumulation of fluid INFLAMMATION EROSIONS – Lesions Body’s ability to wall-off and sequester an FISTULA – Abnormal communication of two injurious agent organs  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Hyperemia – process of dilating capillaries to o Pulmonary Embolus allow fluids and leucocytes to infiltrate the o Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) infected area o Hernia (Mechanical Obstruction) Leucocytes – will act to remove cellular o Volvulus (Mechanical Obstruction debris through a process known as HEMORRHAGE phagocytosis Loss of blood from the circulatory system Abscess – Inflammatory reaction causes the (bleeding) injurious agent to become a walled-off ball Hematoma – result of a break in a blood of pus vessel that causes a pooling of blood below Ulcers – Type of inflammatory reaction that the surface of the structure is a result of a healing wound that is located APLASIA on the skin or a mucous membrain o Inability of an organ or structure to form Cellulitis – acute bacterial infection of the properly skin and is a third example of an o Defective development can result inflammatory reaction in the partial or complete loss of an EDEMA organ Abnormal accumulation of fluid in body ATROPHY cavities or intercellular spaces o Shrinken or decrease in size Ascites – edema of the peritoneal cavity o Hypertrophy – Abnormal increase in cell ISCHEMIA size. Also known as Hyoergenesis, and Obstruction of the normal blood flow to an hyperplasia organ or structure NEOPLASM Results from either narrowing of blood Abnormal proliferation of foreign cells that vessels from plaque formation or as the form a mass of tissue within an organ or result of a thrombic occlusion structure (mass or tumor) Collateral circulation – body’s natural Oncology is the study of neoplasm defense against ischemia Benign neoplasm – self limited and will not INFARCT spread or mets Loss of blood supply to an organ or structure Malignant Neoplasm (cancer) – possess the will cause the surrounding tissue to ability to spread to distant sites in the body The following is a list of diseases that are Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma – Type of either caused by an infarct or may result in cancer will arise from epithelial cells or an infarct: tissues such as breast, colon, or pancreas o Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attach)  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Sarcoma – Highly malignant cancer of soft Reduction in bone mass which makes tissue or connective tissue such as bone, susceptible to fracture formation cartilage, muscle, and fat Prone to hip fractures, compression Lymphoma – originates in lymphatic tissues fractures of vertebral bodies, and coll’es and affects the production of lymphocytes fracture of wrist (wbc) Uses DEXA scan (bone mineral density scan) Leukemia – Cancer of the blood and blood Factors involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: forming tissue 1. Aging and postmenopausal hormone change o Acute – abnormal prolifearation of 2. Steroid use, OI, multiple myeloma, inactivity immature blood cells OSTEOMALACIA o Chronic – anbormal proliferation of Softening of bones resulting from mature blood cells insufficient mineralization Three primary methods of treating malignancies: “bowing of bones” or lead to greenstick 1. Surgery fracture 2. Chemotherapy Commonly called “rickets” 3. Radthera OSTEOMYELITIS OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE Result of a bacterial bone infection that Most common causes of knee pain in young causes bone destruction and abscess athletes formation Tibial tuberosity becomes inflamed Brodie’s abscess - Typically found in the tibia following exercise and is an indication of Osteomyelitis OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA Sequestrum formation – avascular “island” Relatively rare congenital bone disorder that of bone that forms within an abscess. is characterized by bones that easily beak Referred to as bone-in-bone formation “brittle bone disease” RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) People with OI are bron with insufficient Type of arthritis can involve joints, muscles, amount of protein called type I collagen tendons, ligaments, and blood vessel which plays an important role in bone Begins as a chronic inflammation of synovial formation membranes OSTEOPETROSIS Sympoms of RA include morning stiffmess, Disorder results from a disorder of pain, and ulnar deviation of the fingers endochondral ossification Affects women three times more often than Bones that are very hard and dense, also men known as marble bone disease OSTEOPOROSIS  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS Found in L5 and S1 Chronic, degenerative arthritis that usually SPONDYLOLISTHESIS begins in the sacroiliac joints and spredds to Secondary spondylosis the spine Characterized by the forward movement Characterized by osteoporosis and fusion of (subluxation) of one vertebral body on the the SI joints and vertebral bodies one below it Bamboo spine diesaese Cases the verterbral canal to narrow and GOUT thus impinge on the nerve root Metabolic arthritis is a disorder of purine OSTEOPOIKILOSIS metabolism results in an increase in uric acid An osteosclerotic bone dysplasia that is production which is deposited in the blood, literally translated as “spotted bones” kidneys, and joints Bone islands Joint deposit forms a crystal that cause a BONE CYSTS very painful inflammatory reaction Common, benign, radiolucent lesions that Primariliy manifested in the feet (great toe) are filled with fluid OSTEOARTHRITIS More prevalent in males than females Most common degenerative joint disease Osteolytic – result in decrease in bone Natural loss of joint cartilage in which body density. Cause bone destruction and result in replaces with new bone in the form os bone decrease in calcium deposits (radiolucent) spurs which is a painful inflammation Osteoblastic – increase ein bone density. condition Excessive bone growth results in increase in Affected by the weather and obesity calcium deposits (radiopaque) PAGET’S DISEASE ENCHONDROMA Osteitis deformans Cartilaginous, benign bone lesion found in Abnormal cycle or process of bone bone marrow destruction followed by excessive bone Present with a radiolucent “cystic” growth and thickening appearance with calcium deposits Commonly seen in the pelvis, lumbar, spine, OSTEOCHONDROMA and skull Exostosis consist of a benign projection of Signs and symptoms include bone pain, bone that has a cartilaginous cap deformity, arthritis, and fractures Often produce mushroom or cauliflower SPONDYLOSIS radiographic appearance referred to as bone Cleft between the superior and inferior spur articulating processes at the pars Found in the metaphysis of long bones, ribs, interarticularis and pelvis  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 MULTIPLE MYELOMA Often seed into the long bones, ribs, and Most common type of primary, malignant spine bone tumor Possess either an osteolytic or osteoblastic Increase in plasma cells within RBC radiographic aopearance producing bones RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Possess “multicentric” or “punched-out” BRONCHOPNEUMONIA osteolytic lesions Pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection in Bence-Jones proteins are found in the urine the airways and spreads out to the alveoli Possess marked osteoporosis with Radiographically appears as patchy compression fractures of the vertebral consolidation within the lungs bodies ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA OSTEOSARCOMA Result of the px inhaling a foreign material Second most common type of malignant into their bronchial tree bone tumor Often caused by swallowing dysfunction An Osteoblsatic lesion that may extend into LUNG-ABSCESS the surrounding soft tissues structures Wlled-off, necrotic area of lung tissue Found in ages 10 to 25. 50% of cases occur containing pus around the knee Complication of alcoholism, can be caused Commonly metastasize to lungs by baceterial pneumonia CHONDROSARCOMA TUBERCULOSIS Expansile, osteolytic, primary bone tumor Inhaling mycobacteria Approximately 10% of all malignant skeletal Spread primarily by air droplets but may be cancer spread by inhaling dried mycobacteria as FIBROSARCOMA well An osteolytic, malignant cancer of the HISTOPLASMOSIS skeletal system that often has a moth-eaten Condition occurs as the result of inhaling soil radiographic appearance and/or bat/bird droppings that have been Primary cancer of skeletal system and often infected with fungus called Histoplasma affects knee and pelvis capsutalum SECONDARY BONE CANCER BRONCHIECTASIS Most common type of bone malignancy Irreversible dilation of bronchi caused by a Originating from the prostate, breast, bacterial infection thyroid gland, colon, and kidneys often Affects base of both lungs metastasize to the skeletal system  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 COPD PULMONARY EDEMA Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease used Air within the lungs is replaced with fluid to describe two lung diseases, chronic Decrease in gas exchange and may cause bronchitis and emphysema respiratory failure Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD Often occurs secondary congestive heart EMPHYSEMA failure or renal failure Chronic destruction of bronchi and alveoli ATELECTASIS Destruction and rupture of the alveolar walls Portion of the entire lung has collapsed and will lead to the formation of large pockets of is without air empty space within the lungs called bulla Results from bronchial obstruction that can PNEUMOCONIOSIS be caused by tumor, foreign body, or Occupational disease where dust or mucous plug particulate matter is inhaled PNEUMOTHORAX Causes the formation of pulmonary fibrosis Air is introduced into the pleural space Silicosis – caused by inhaling silicon dioxide Collapsed lung (sand) PLEURAL EFFUSION/HYDROTHORAX Asbestosis – Inhaling asbestos dust Excess fluid that accumulates within the Black lung – inhaling coal dust pleural space PULMONARY EMBOLUS (PE) Caused by myriad of conditions such as Often caused by blood clots that break off congestive heart failure or pulmonary from veins in the legs emobli Clots form emboli can obstruct the lumen of Thoracentesis – use of a needle to aspirate pulmonary arteries or remove the effusion Deep Vein Thrombosis – blood clot in the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM veins fo the legs ANEURYSM “Hampton’s dump” Weakening of an arterial wall that results in LUNG CANCER a blurge or balloon like appearance Represents approximately 35% of all cancer Rupture of bulge is potentially fatal Smokers are 10x more likely to develop lung Commonly associated with cerebral arteries cancer and abdominal aorta PULMONARY METS CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) Secondary lung cancer Decrease in cardiac output More common than primary lung cancer Victims commonly suffer from dypnea after Occurs via lymphatic system or the even mild physical activity circulatory system  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 DEXTROCARDIA Stroke – Caused by an embolus with result Situs inversus – a rare congenital condition being brain damage from ischemia where all organs in the body are transposed Transient Ischemic Attacak (TIA) – Small to the opposite side stroke. Considered warning sign for a larger TETRALOGY OF FALLOT stroke Rare congenital heart defect that presents at Intracranial Hemorrhage – Escape of blood birth from artery or vein. Three types of Boot-shaped radiographic apperance intracranial hemorrhage are as follows: 4 Defects: Intracerebral/Parenchymal, Subarachnoid, 1. Pulmonary Stenosis – narrowing of the Extracerebral pulmonary valve resitricts the flow of blood Intracerebral bleeding – Loss of blood within into the pulmonary arteries the cerebrum 2. R. ventricular hypertrophy – Has to work Subarachnoid bleeding – bleeding into the harder (hyper) to pump blood and enlarges ventricles of the brai due to pulmonary stenosis Extracerebral bleeding – bleeding outside of 3. Ventricular septal defect – Hole that is the brain but within the skull. Trauma is located between ventricles. Allows often the itology oxygenated blood to flow from left ventricles Subdural Hematoma – Leaking of subdural to the right ventricle instead of into the aorta veins into the space found between the dura 4. Overriding aorta mater or the dura mater (outmost covering) NERVOUS SYSTEM and the arachnoid mater (middle layer of HYDROCEPHALUS meninges) Excess CSF within the ventricles of the brain Epidural hematoma – Caused by build up of Increased intracranial pressure, enlarged blood between the dura and the skull. Often heads, and possible brain damage cause by trauma to the temporal bone that damages the middle meningeal artery. CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA) Produces biconvex or lentiform (lens) Cut-off blood supply (ischemia) to part of the configuration on CT scans of the brain brain resulting in an infarct ASTROCYTOMA Result in loss of brain function Makes up 30% of all primary brain Thrombus – accumulation of plaque within neoplasms the lumen of blood vessels Derived from astrocytes which are star Can also be caused by a rupture of blood shaped neuroglial cells with many branching vessels from trauma, aneurysm, or process hypertension  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 MENINGIOMA URINARY SYSTEM Primary brain neoplasm is slow growing and KIDNEY AGENESIS OR ATRESIA usually benign Kidney atresia – congenital absence of a Account for about 15% of all intracranial kidney tumors KIDNEY HYPOPLASIA Originate within arachnoid tissue and Hypoplasia – refers to an organ that has a compress the brain as they grow diminished growth PITUITARY ADENOMA Diminished growth of a kidney Slow growing, usually benign tumor of the RENAL ABSCESS pituitary gland Origin may be from sepsis (blood infection) Affeect hormones produced by the pituitary or from bacteria that has worked their way gland up from the bladder SPINA BIFIDA RENAL CYSTS Congenital defect where the lamina fail toe Cyst has formed on and is attached to the unit posteriorly to form the spinous process outside of the kidney Commonly manifested at L5-S1 Most common unifocal mass found on a Spinal cord and/or maninges may herniate kidney which may result in varying degrees of Found in greater than 50% of the population paralysis that is 50 yrs older Meningocele – when the only meninges POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD) herniate Hereditary disease that is characterized by Miningomyelocele – when both maninges the presence of multiple cysts within the and spinal cord herniate kidneys SPINAL STENOSIS Can also affect the liver and pancreas Narrowing of the spinal canal HORSHOE KIDNEYS Caused by a disc herniation, spinal fracture, Congenital disease where the lower poles of degenerative changes, or a tumor both kidneys fuse causing both collecting DISC HERNIATION system to sit at an angle Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) or slipped Duplication – Two ureters and one renal disc is a condition in which part or all of the pelvis are present. Most common congenital soft gelatinous central portion of an anomaly of the urinary system intervertebral disk is forced through a ECTOPIC KIDNEYS weakned portion of the outer disk Congenital defect where the kidney is located in an abnormal position within the body  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 RENAL CALCULI GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Presence of a kidney stone is the most ZENKER’S DIVERTICULUM common indication for an IVP Outpouching of the posterior wall of the Kidney stone upper esophagus in the pharynx VESICOURETERAL REFLUX (VUR) Can cause dysphagia and halitosis. Abnormal flow of the urine from the bladder HIATAL HERNIA back into the ureter Portion of the stomach protrudes (herniates) Underlying cause of a urinary track infection into the thorax through the esophageal in one third of all children opening in the diaphragm RENAL CELL CARCINOMA Most common findings on an UGIS Most malignancy of the kidneys Sliding hernia Propensity to metastasize to the lungs, brain, GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) liver, and bone Heartburn or acid reflux WILM’S TUMOR Backward flow of gastric contents into the Neproblastoma esophagus due to an incompetent lower Most common abdominal neoplasm of esophageal sphincter infancy and early childhood Commonly associated with Hiatal hernia Proces a large, palpable abdominal pass ESOPHAGEAL VARICES Propensity to metastasize to the lungs, Dilated, tortuous veins of the esophagus liver,a dn skeletal system which may rupture URETERAL DIVERTICULA Commonly a result of portal hypertension Outpouching of the ureter and/or liver cirrhosis May be source of future infections or may, in ESOPHAGUS CANCER/ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA some instance, trap kidney stones Presents with a very “ratty” radiographic BLADDER DIVERTICULA appearance on a Barium swallow Caused by an enlarged prostate or the result Represents 2% of all cancers and there is a of a chronic bladder infection high incidence in smokers and alcoholics PHLEBOLITHS PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE Small calcified valve within a vein that Describe ulcers of the stomach and duodenum surround the urinary bladder Causes include aspirin, steroids, spicy foods, Sometimes mistaken for kidney or bladder stress, and it can be the result of a bacterial stone infection. Chronic disease Gastric ulcers – very rare and may be complication of gastric carcinoma  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Peptic Ulcers – Located in the duodenum Corrected with barium enema and are much more common ADENOCARCINOMA BEZOAR Type of neoplasm that originates in Hard mass of entangled material found glandular tissue and can be cause a bowel within the stomach or intestines that cannot obstruction be digested REGIONAL ENTERITIS / CROHNS DISEASE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION Mehcanical bowel obstruction Adynamic / Parlytic – Caused by reduction in Chronic inflammation of the bowel the normal peristaltic action of the intestine Characterized by abdominal cramping, Mechanical – Caused by motility disorder diarrhea, constipation, weight loss/gain, and that results from some type of structural vomiting abnormality (tumor) Fistulas may form HERNIA DIVERTICULITIS Obstruction is caused by a weakening of the Diverticulum become infected and bleeds abdominal wall that allows a portion of the Often caused by entrapment of chyme or small and large intestine to protrude feces within the diverticulum Inguinal hernia – When the inguinal ring is APPENDICITIS compromised thus allowing a portion of the Result of feces within the appendix and the bowel to rupture through the abdominal presence of appendicolith wall HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM BOWEL ADHESIONS LIVER Inevitable outcome of abdominal surgery HEPATIC CYSTS Can lead to abdominal pain, infertility, and Benign, thin-walled sac that may be either bowel obstruction empty or full of fluid Can cause a twisting of the bowel (volvulus) Located within the liver or on its external and loss of blood supply to the affected area surface Volvulus – loop of intestine that has twisted Usually incidental findings on ultrasounds, around itself causing either a partial or CT scans and/or MRI scans of the abdomen complete obstruction. Bird beak appearance HEPATIC HEMANGIOMA INTUSSUSCEPTION Most common benign tumor of the liver When a section of bowel is constricted by Consist of dilated blood vessels that create peristalsis causing it to prolapse pools or lakes of blood within the liver Cause of approximately 1% of all adult bowel MRI modality of choice obstruction and commonly affects the ileocecal valve  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA Fc of the eye socket may involve the orbital Rare primary liver cancer that is also known floor, wall, or roof as hepatoma Following blunt trauma to the eye MRI method of choice. CT and UTZ are often COLLE’S FX employed as well Fx is most often caused when an individual LIVER METS falls backward onto a hard surface and brace Liver is a common site for most any cancer themselves with an open hand mets Fx of the distal radius, and ulnar styloid with Partial list of cancers that like to spread to posterior displacement the liver COMMINUTED FX o Breast Ca Fx with shattered bones or crushed bones o Colon Ca (fragments) o Malignant Melanoma COMPOUND FX o Ovarian cancer Open fx or fx with open skin wound where Symptoms include abd. Pain, jaundice, bone protrudes ascites, and distension COMPRESSION FX CHOLELITHIASIS Verterbral body is crushed and collapses Condition of having gallstone down upon itself Secondary to cystic duct obstruction Result of trauma, cancer, or osteoporosis Nuclear medicine and ultrasound are the GREENSTICK FX imaging modalities Partial fracture that is commonly associated SPLENOMEGALY with children Enlargement of the spleen Twisting or bending of bone but no breaking Associated with any disease that involves the Rickets destruction of a large number of defective HANGMAN FX RBC Hangee fx is the fx of the arch of C2 due to TRAUMA/FRACTURES hyperextension AVULSION FX HILL-SACHS DEFECT Fx occurs when ther eis trauma to where a Compression fracture of the articular surface ligament or tendon attaches to a born of the posterolateral aspect of the humeral Separated or pulled away head BOXER’S FX Frozen shoulder Fx occurs at the head of the 4 th or 5 th JEFFERSON FX metacarpal Comminuted fracture of the rign of C1 BLOW OUT FX JONES FX  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Occurs on the shaft of the 5th metatarsal Malar or zygomatic bone articulates with the Shoulld not be confused with avulsion frontal bone, temporal bone, and maxillary fracture bone MONTEGGIA FX Trauma directly to the malar bone may cause Result of a fall on an outstretched arm a fracture at each of these articluations Involves fx of the proximal third of the ulna KYPHOSIS combined with dislocation of the radial head Abnormal posterior spine curvature within the elbow joint INCREASED CONVEXITY IN THE THORACIC SCAPHOID FX CURVATURE Scaphpid is the most commonly fractured LORDOSIS carpal bone Forward curvature of the cervical and Has an unusual retrograde blood supply lumbar spine SPIRAL FX Increase concavity of the cervical and lumbar Bone has been twisted apart spine Similar appearance to a spiral staircase PAGET’S DISEASE TEARDROP BURST Thick, soft bone marked by bowing and Comminuted vertebral body with triangular fractures fragments avulsed from anteroposterior SCOLIOSIS border caused by compression with Abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal hyperflexion in the cervical region column TORUS FX S-SHAPED Latin word “tori” which refers to swelling or SPONDYLOLYSIS protuberance Moving part of a vertebra; separation of the It commonly occurs in the distal forearm of pars interarticulation; breaking down of the young children and it is sometimes referred vertebra to as a “buckle” fracture SPONDYLOSIS It is characterized by a small buckle or Abnormal condition of the vertebra protuberance on one side of the bone but TALIPSE EQUINOVARUS not on the other Club foot TRANSVERSE FX Congenital defect Horizontal fx in relation to the long axis of FUCKING PATIENT CARE, YES WE CARE!!! the bone ETHICAL PRINCIPLES TRIPOD FRACTURE ETHICS A system of moral rules and principles that becomes the standard  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 DOUBLE EFFECT JUSTICE Belief that some actions may produce good Equal rights/fairness or bad effect PATIENT’S RIGHTS SANCTITY OF LIFE Every person/parent must be treated with Belief that life is the highest good dignity One cannot make life-and-death decision Patient must be provided confidentiality & for patients based on personal values privacy CONFIDENTIALITY PATIENT CONSENT Responsible of knowing controversial and May be verbal, written or implied private issues VALID PATIENT CONSENT Concept of privacy 1.) The patient must be of sound mind & legal age BENEFICENCE 2.) The patient must give consent freely All acts ,ust be meant to attain a good result 3.) The patient must be adequately informed about or to be beneficial the procedure Promoting good action and preventing evil CONTRACT or harm An agreement mutually arrived by two or NON-MALEFICENCE more individuals to do a particular thing in We must not do harm intentionally exchange for some consideration Provide standard of care which avoiding risk Must have employers and employees or minimizing it relationship o Minimizing time during exposure TYPES OF CONTRACT Goal is to do no harm 1.) FORMAL CONTRACT Maleficece – to do harm Those which cannot be perfected w/o AUTONOMY compliance with the special formalities Person’s right to make one’s decision required by the law such as donations & FIDELITY mortages of real property Faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief 2.) INFORMAL CONTRACT Continuing loyalty and support Result of written document or VERACITY correspondence which the law does not Honest to yourself and to other people require special formalities RESPECT FOR OTHERS 3.) EXPRESS CONTRACT Acknowledge the right of individuals to make Those contract where the consent of the decision & love by others parties is given expressly in writing or Respect for property – keeping the px verbally belongingness safe and the hospital 4.) IMPLIED CONTRACT  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Those contracts where the consent of the Phase5: Acceptance – Accepts the loss and parties is not given expressly but is deducible deals with life from the conduct or acts of the parties such ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS as an implied agency REQUISITES OF CONTRACT Top to Bottom Two or more person must participate SELF ACTUALIZATION – Become the most that one can be Consent – freely given ESTEEM – Respect, status, recognition, strength, Object or subject matter must be specified freedom Cause of obligation is established LOVE AND BELONGING – Friendship, intimacy, family, o In every obligation, there’s always a sense of connection corresponding right SAFETY NEEDS – Personal security, employment, Contracting parties must have the legal resource, health, propert capacity in entering a contract PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS – Air, water, food, shelter, o Below 18 y/o, immediate relative sleep, clothing will sign the contract Parties must be in sound mind PATIENTS RIGHTS RELATED TO END-OF-LIFE ISSUES They must not in any way be forced in Designated surrogate or proxy – Ptoxy contract decision maker if the patient lacks decision- Parties involved must consent to the making capacity, legally incompetent, or is a contract minor BREACH OF CONTRACT Advance directives – legal documents that Where a contract exist and either party are formulated by a competent person that violating it terms provide written information concerning the Prevention of performance px desires if the px is unable to make the 5 STAGES OF GRIEF - Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) decision on his or her own Phase1: Denial – not accepting the truth, Living Will – px wishes concerning their believe that diagnosis is somehow wrong future medical care Phase2: Anger – May become angry Directive to physician – A physician is preceding death or disfigurement appointed by a person to serve as his proxy Phas3: Bargaining – If he/she becomes good on a prescribed form and submissive, he may be spared or cured Durable power of attoryney for health care Phase4: Depression – Accepts the (DPAHC) – Appoints a person other than the impending loss and begins to mourn for his physician to act as the patieng’s agent and or her past life. Acquiscent, quiet, make health care decision if the px is unable withdrawn, and may cry easily to do so  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 RULES IN MOVING HEAVY OBJECTS o Tympanic – Aural thermometer Do not bent from your waist o Axillay – Safest method (36.4 to Pull rather than push 36.7c) When assisting the px to move: o Rectal – Most accurate and reliable o Balance the weight over your feet (37.5c) o Stand close to the patient o Oral – Most accessible (37c) o Use your arms and leg PULSE RATE Do not twist Measurement of the hear rate, or the Floor area must be free from all objects number of the heart beats per minute PATIENT TRANSFER Wave of blood created by contraction of the Always help the patient transfer toward the left ventricle of the heart strong side Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata Table to wheelchair – Place wheelchair close TYPES OF PULSE: and parallel to the table o Central – Apical Pulse Stroke patient – position yourself on the px o Peripheral weak side, position the patient with the Apical Pulse – Location at midclavicular line, strong side adjacent to the bed at sternal notch Patient with a urinary catheters – Hold urine Radial/Ulnar – Wrist, most accessible collection bags below the level of the paxient Temporal – Lateral, 2nd most accessible bladder Carotid Neck – Carotid artery, primary site Logrolling – method of transferring patients for adult and children during CPR with spinal injury or metastastic disease Brachial – Medial, antecubital space FOUR CARDINAL/VITAL SIGNS Dorsalis pedis – Lateral to the extensor of Temperature hallucis langus Pulse Popliteal - above the knee Respiration Femoral groin - not commonly used, leg Blood pressure circulation Pain (considered as 5th vital sigh) Posterior Tibial - Back of the medial BODY TEMPERATURE malleolus Physiologic balance between heat produced BLOOD PRESSURE in body tissues and heat lost environment Systolic blood pressure – describes the Controlled by hypothalamus. pressure during contraction of the heart o Normal range – 110 to 140 mmHG When body metabolic activity increase, Diastolic blood pressure – Reading during body temperature increase relaxation o Normal range – 60 to 90 mmHG Measuring body temperature:  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Hypertension reading – above 140mmHG o Systematic – Blood/Lymph systolic pressure CHAIN OF INFECTION Hypotension reading – Lower than 90mmhG systolic pressure 1. Infectious Agent (Pathogens) Stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer are a. Infiltrates another living thing used together to measure BP b. ORganis that can cause a disease Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata 2. Reservoir – Temporary environment for pathogens RESPIRATION RATE 3. Portal of Exit – might be the nose, mouth, Number of breaths a person take per urinary tract, intestine, or an open wound minute 4. Means of transmission – modes of Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata Ventillation – Act of breathing transmission Respiration – exchange of gas 5. Portal Entry – New can host can be infected CARDNIAL PRINCIPLES ADULT NORMAL RANGE thru inhalation, injection, etc., except fecal BLOOD PRESSURE – 110-140 mmHG/60- oral route 80mmHG CONTROL OF INFECTION PULSE RATE – 60-100 bpm Cleanliness – avoid transmitting organisms o Infant – 120bpm o 4 to 10 yrs old – 90-100bpm by using proper cleaning equipments and TEMPEARTURE – 97.7F to 99.9F or 36.5c to techniques 37.5c Contamination – Soiling or making inferior RESPIRATION RATE – 12/15-20 breaths/min o For children – 20 to 30/30 to 60 by contact or mixture breahts/min Antiseptics- Used to stop the growth of TYPES OF INFECTION microoganisms Origin Disinfection – Involves destruction pathogen o Idiopathic – uknown cause by using chemical materials o Community acquired – Person o Hypochlorite bleach and Lysol enters a health care facility Medical Asepsis – deals with reducing the o Nosocomial – While in the probability of infectious organisms being institution transmitted to a susceptible individual o Iatrogenic – Physician intervention o Ex. Handwashing technique or by medical procedure/treatment Surgical Asepsis – Precoduers to eliminate Duration any microorganisms; sterile technique o Acute – Short term o Ex. Sterilization of surgical o Chronic – Long term instruments System/Part Involved MICROORGANISM o Acute – Localizzed in specific part  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Tiny organism such as virus, protozoan, or Vehicle – Includes food, water, drugs, or bacterium that can only be seen under a blood contaminated with infectious microscope. microorganisms Bacteria – one-celled organism without a Vectors – Insects or animal carriers of typical nucleus, contain DNA and RNA disease by means of stinging or biting Fungi – Exist in two forms, yeast and molds. Malaria, deer tick, lyme disease Reproduce by budding or spore formation, BOY DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE require moisture and found in complete Antigens – foreign or unrecognizable organic darkness substances that invade the body and induce Protozoa – Often parastici and are able to it to produce antibody move from place to place by pseudopod Antibody/Immunoglobulins – Protein formation, flagella or cilia substance produced by a particular WBC or Viruses – Known to produce disease in man, more speicifcally B-cell. React against smallest microorganism specific antigens to produce immunity to MODE OF TRANSMISSIONS further infection by a particular antigen Reservoir – Site where an infectious Active Immunity – Vaccination with dead or organism can remain alive and from which weakend strains of the infection transmission can occur microorganism or their products also effects Direct Contact – hand, kissing immunity Indirect contact – transfer of pathogenic Passive Immunity – Acquired by injection of mcriobes by touching inanimate objects antibodies of a particular infection into an such as doorknobs (fomites) individual Droplet – With diseases that can travel 3-5 Autommune Diseases – Antibodies function feet and not via airborne route transmitted as antigens and produce diseases, occurs via large droplets expelled from the px while when substance identical to one’s own speaking, sneezing, or coughing tissues stimulate antibody production o Rubella, Mumps, and Influenza PROCESS OF INFECTION Airborne – Residue from evaporated Latent Period – pathogen enters the body dropless and is suspended in air for long and lies dormant, dormant period ends periods of time. when it begins to shed then diseases o Employed with patients suspected becomes communicable or known to be infected with TB, Incubation Period – Microbe reproduces varicella, and muscles and the disease process begins Actual diseasae period – Sign and symptoms reaches the fullest extent  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Period of Convalescene – Symptoms begin o FOR IV INJECTIONS, BEVEL ALWAYS SHOULD FACE UP to diminish, recovery phase, patients fights off the infection MEDICATION: RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE LIDOCAINE (XYLOCAINE) – ANTIARRYHTHMIC USED TO PREVENT OR Every radiographic image must include the: TREAT CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS o Patient’s name or ID number EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN) - A o Side marker, r or l CRONCHODILATOR NITROGLYCERIN AND VERAPAMIL – o Date of the examination VASODILATORS (INCREASED BLOOD FLOW o Identity of the institution or office BY RELAXING THE WALLS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS) Additional information may include: o Patient’s birth date or age ETHICS, JURIS, AND PRUDENCE RIGHT OF o Nume of attending physician RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS AND PATIENTS o Date and time RIGHT CLASSIFIYING CONTRAST AGENTS A claim to particular privilege Osmolality – total number of dissolved RESPONSIBILITY particles in solution per kg of water An obligation to answer for an act done Toxicity – How noxious or harmful a CM An obligation on the person to perform some Viscosity – Thickness or concentration of the CM act for which he becomes accountable Miscibility – Ability to mix with body fluids RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RADIOLOGIC Patient who has been NPO since midnight may suffer an TECHNOLOGISTS episode of syncope (fainting). Px should be helped to a 1.) To promote health recumbent position with feet elevated to increase blood flow to the head 2.) To prevent illness PATIENT BLOOD CHEMISTRY 3.) To restore health 4.) To alleviate suffering BUN – BUN level indicates the quantity of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. RIGHT OF PATIENTS o Normal concentration: 8 to 25 Radiologic/X-ray technologists are mg/100 mL Increase in Bun indicates decreased renal responsible to those people that require function nursing care Creatine and bun level should be check Promotes an environment in which the prior to beginning an IVU o Normal creatinine range: 06 to values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the 1.5mg/100Ml individual are respected PHARMACOLOGY AND VENIPUNCTURE Needs confidence, personal information and GAUGE – DIAMETER OF A NEEDLE uses judgment in sharing this information HUB – PORTION OF THE NEEDLE THAT ATTACHES TO A SYRINGE BEVEL – SLANTED TIP OF THE NEEDLE  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 LAW Responsible for reconciling controversies 1.) CONSTITUTION and conflicts Presidential decree 9.) COMMON LAW Republic Act Body of law and accumulated decision 2.) LEGISLATURE 10.) ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Congress Made by the executive law of government 3.) JUDICIARY 11.) GOOD SAMARITAN LAW Department of Justice Law that holds physician and radiologic Supreme court technologist harmless when rendering aid to Court of Appeals a person in emergency situation 4.) ADMINISTRATIVE 12.) NARCOTIC LAW Executive power of president Law with its primary purpose to control and o Ground for revocation of license suppress the illegal use and distribution of TERMINOLOGIES narcotics 1.) OBLIGATION 13.) WILL Act of binding oneself to do something A legal declaration of a person’s intention 2.) JURISPRUDENCE upon death Philosophy of science of law 14.) TESTATOR 3.) PUBLIC LAW One who makes the will Law in which the government is directly 15.) LAWSUIT involved Legal action in a control of law Regulate the relationship between individual Proceeding in court for a purpose and government o To enforce right 4.) PRIVATE LAW o To redress wrong Regulates the relationship among people 16.) LITIGATION 5.) CONSTITUIONAL LAW Process of the lawsuit State the principle and provisions for 17.) PLANTIFF establishment of specific law Person or government bringing a lawsuit 6.) LEGISLATURE against another Responsible for enacting laws 18.) DEFENDANT Congress body Person being accused of a tort or crime 7.) STATUTORY LAW 19.) EUTHANASIA Law enacted by this body Mercy killing 8.) JUDICIARY SYSTEM  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Act of painlessly putting to death of person 32.) DYING DECLARATION who is suffering from incurable or Considered hearsay unless the dying person dispressing disease is a victim of a crime Criminal charge of homicide 33.) HOLOGRAPHIC WILL 20.) MALA INSE A will which is written, dated and signed by Act is a wrongful from the very beginning the hand of the testator himself 21.) MALA PROHIBITA 34.) BREACH OF CONTRACT There’s a law that prohibits the act The failure, without legal cause to perform 22.) LEGAL RIGHT any promise which forms the whole part or A claim which can be enforced by legal parts of a contract means against a person whose duty is to 35.) CAUSE respect it A ground of legal action 23.) CIVIL CASE 36.) CONSENT Complainant or defendant Approval, permission or agreement 24.) CRIMINAL CASE 37.) CONSIDERATION Plantiff or accused The price, motive or matter of inducement 25.) DUE PROCESS of a contract A fair & orderly process which aims to Refers to a fee, salary or reward protect & enforce a person’s right 38.) ABORTION 26.) TRIAL The expulsion of the product of conception Facts are presented & determined before the fetus is viable 27.) SUMMONS BILL OF RIGHT A writ commanding an authorized person to 1.) Freedom of worship notify a party to appear in court to answer a 2.) Freedom of speech complaint made against him 3.) Freedom of vote 28.) SUBPOENA TORTS AND CRIMES An order that requires a person to attend at 1.) TORTS a specific time & place to testify as a witness A wrong committed by a person against 29.) SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM another person by his property A subpoena that requires witness to bring 2.) CRIME documents/papers in his possession An offense against persons or property 30.) HEARSAY EVIDENCE against the public Rumors not admissible as evidence 3.) NEGLIGENCE 31.) PERJURY The willful telling of a lie under oath  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Failure of a professional person to act at all 2.) MISDEMEANOR times within accepted standards of a Crime with a lesser offense profession Punishable with fines and imprisonment or 4.) MALPRACTICE both for less than a year Act of negligence/acting beyond the 3.) 1st DEGREE MURDER radiologic technology standards Illegally killing another person with motive 5.) SLANDER 4.) 2nd DEGREE MURDER Untruthful oral statement about a person Killing another person without previous that subjects him to ridicule deliberation Wrong defamation LEGAL ASPECT AND THE RADIOLOGIC 6.) LIBEL TECHNOLOGIST Untruthful written statement about a person NEGLIGENCE that subjects him to ridicule Refers to the commission or omission of an nd There must be 2 person to hear or read the act pursuant to a duty, that reasonably comment prudent person in the same or similar 7.) INVASION OF PRIVACY circumstances would or would not do and A wrong that involves the right of person to acting or non-acting is the proximate cause be let alone of the injury to another person or to his 8.) ASSAULT property A threat or an attempt to make bodily FELONIES contact with another person without Acts or omissions punishable by law and they person’s consent may be committed not only by means of 9.) BATTERY deceit but also by fault An assault that is carried out DECEIT 10.) FRAUD The fraudulent withholding or Will and purposeful misconduct that could or misrepresenting of facts whereby a person is has caused loss or harm to person or misled to his injury property DECEDENT False presentation of some fact and the A person whose property is transmitted intention that it will be acted upon by through succession, whether or not he left a another person will CRIMINAL ACTS DUE PROCESS OF LAW 1.) FELONY A fair and orderly legal proceedings which A crime punishable by imprisonment in a observe fundamental rules and designed for state  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 the protection and enforcement of DOCTRINE STARE DECISIS individual rights and liberties A matter settled by precedent UNDUE INFLUENCE IGNORANTIA JURIS NON EXCUSAT/IGNORANCIA Influence used directly to procure the will LEGIS NON and which amounts to a coercion destroying Ignorance of the law excuses no one the free action of the testator DURA LEX SED LEX The law may be harsh, but it is still the law CRIMINAL INTENT LEGAL MAXIM The intention to commit a crime Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege CONSIDERATION No crime, if there’s no law punishing it One element of a contract to make a promise, a binding and to make an INCOMPETENCE agreement which creates an obligations The lack of ability, legal qualification or An agreement upon a sufficient fitness to discharge the required duty consideration, to do or not to do a particular TORTS thing A legal wrong, committed against a person MALPRACTICE or property independent of a contract which Implies the ideas of improper or unskilled render the person who commits it liable for care of a patient by a radiologic technologist damages in a civil action Denotes a stopping beyond one’s authority Private or civil wrong/injury, including action with serious consequences for bad faith, breach of contract, for which DOCTRINE OF FORCE MAJEURE the court will provide remedy in the form of Act of God an action for damages An irresistible force, one that is unforeseen The failure to comply a duty or inevitable The failure to perform a duty that leads to Examples: flood, earthquake, fire & harm of another person accident INTENTIONAL TORTS DOCTRINE OF RESPONDENT SUPERIOR 1.) ASSAULT Let the master answer for the acts of the Imminent threat of harmful/offensive bodily subordinate contact The one ruling is responsible Intimidation of the patient/threatening the DOCTRINE OF RES IPSA LOQUITUR patient The thing speaks for itself 2.) BATTERY DOCTRINE OF RES JUDICATA An immediate unconsented touching of Thing or matter settled by justice another person/patient  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Lack of ability 3.) FALSE IMPRISONMENT/ILLEGAL DETENTION This is ground for revocation/suspension of (Private) the certificate of registration Unjustifiable detention of a person w/o legal ELEMENTS OF PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE warrant within the boundaries fixed by the Existence of a duty on the part of the person defendant by an act/violation of duty Failure to meet the standard of due case intended to result in such confinement The foreseeability of harm resulting from ARBITRARY DETENTION (Public) failure to meet the standard 4.) DEFAMATION CAUSES OF NEGLIGENCE Character assassination, be in written (libel) 1.) Carelessness or spoken (slander) 2.) Ignorance Dishonor to the character 3.) Lack of skills 5.) INVASION OF PRIVACY FOUR ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE (4 D’s) The right to privacy 1.) DUTY The right to be left alone To use due case The right to be unwarran ted and exposure Case which should be given under to public view circumstances To live one’s life without having anyone’s 2.) DERELICTION name, picture or private affairs made public Failure to use due case against one’s will Not giving the case which should be given UNINTENTIONAL TORTS under the circumstances 1.) PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE Failure to ask like allergy Commission/omission of an act, pursuant to 3.) DIRECT CAUSATION duty that a reasonably prudent in the same Failure to use due case causes injury or similar circumstance would or would not Failure to ask like allergy do & acting on the non-acting of which is Previous experience, the drugs and reaction proximate cause of injury to another person 4.) DAMAGE OF INJURY or his property Actual harm results 2.) MALPRACTICE CRIMES A negligence act committed by a person in 1.) LARCENCY professional capacity Involves taking the property of another for A form of negligent in which any his permanent use professional misconduct 2.) ABORTION Unreasonable lack of professional skill 3.) INCOMPETENCE  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 Illegal destruction and bringing forth May assist or encourage the principal prematurely of the human fetus before offender with the intent to have the crime natural time of birth committed STAGES OF CRIMES 3.) ACCOMPLICES 1.) CONSUMATED Those persons who not take a direct part in All elements executed w/ successful result the execution of the act, induce, or 2.) FRUSTRATED cooperate through another act essential to All elements executed w/o successful result the consumption of the crime 3.) ATTEMPTED One who is guilty of complicity in crime, Not all elements executed, no successful either by being present/abetting in it result Absent in place when it was committed CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERY AND SECURITY CRIME AGAINST HONOR 1.) KIDNAPPING 1.) DEFAMATION Forcible abduction of another Injury to the honor and reputation of 2.) ILLEGAL DETENTION another Detaining a person without a warrant SLANDER: oral defamation 3.) TRESPASSING LIBEL: written/printed defamation Entering another personal house or property SLANDER BY DEED: an act which causes without a warrant dishonor to another CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CONSPIRACY CRIMINAL LIABLITIES A joint agreement of two or more persons 1.) JUSTIFYING The act of one is the act of all Under which the law justifies a person from PERSONS INVOLVED IN A CONSPIRACY criminal liability for the commission of a 1.) PRINCIPALS crime Chief actor/mastermind 2.) EXEMPTING Those persons who actually do or perform Circumstances under which the law exempt the act a person from criminal liability for the One who is actually present and aids in the commission of a crime commission of an act 3.) MITIGATING Direct participation, induction & Those which do not constitute a justification indispensable or excuse of the offense in question, but 2.) ACCESSORIES which, in fairness and mercy, may be Those persons who assist or participate in considered as extenuating or reducing the the commission of a crime degree or normal culpability  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 4.) AGGRAVATING 1.) FORGERY Those attending the commission of a crime Altering a written documents for deceit which increase the criminal liability of the 2.) PERJURY offender or make his guilt more severe Telling a lie under oath 5.) ALTERNATING CRIME May increase or decrease criminal liability An act committed or omitted in violation of depending in the nature and effects of the law crime FELONy Relationship A crime punishable under the revised penal o No criminal liability but has civil code liability CRIMES CONNECTED WITH PUBLIC OFFICE CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS 1.) GRAFT 1.) MURDER Dishonest transaction in public office The unlawful killing of a human being with 2.) BRIBERY intent to kill Receiving money or gifts in connection with 2.) HOMICIDE the performance of official duties The killing of a human being to another 3.) CORRUPTION Crime by a person who kills another person Giving money or gifts in connection with the other than his father, mother or child performance of his duties 3.) PARRICIDE – killing a parent CRIMINAL LAW 4.) PATRICIDE – killing a father 5.) MATRICIDE – killing a mother FELONIES/DELITOS 6.) INFANTICIDE Act or omission punishable by the Revised Killing of a child less than 3 days of age Penal Code (Jan 1, 1932) CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY Overt act 1.) ROBBERY Omission in action Unlawful taking of another person’s property R.A. 7431 2.) ARSON Acted in 1992 Intentional burning of another person’s Violation on this act is not considered felony house 3.) SABOTAGE CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO Intentional damage to the property of the MEANS BY WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTED employer by the employee 1.) INTENTIONAL FELONIES CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST Deceit (Dolo/Malice)  CLUSTER IV RTLE 2023 2.) CULPABLE FELONIES Imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 6 Fault (Culpa) years Negligence 4.) PRISION MAYOR Imprisonment from 6 years and 1 day to 10 REQUISITES OF DOLO & CULPA years 1.) DOLO 5.) RECLUSION TEMPORAL Freedom Imprisonment for 12 years and 1 day to 20 Intelligence years Intent 6.) RECLUSION PERPETUA 2.) CULPA Life imprisonment Freedom No bail Intelligence 7.) DEATH PENALTY Imprudent, negligence or lack of foresight or skill CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF PUNISHMENT ATTACHED TO IT KINDS OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE 1.) GRAVE FELONY AND ATTAINMENT OF OBJECTIVES Punishable by impr