Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for adult blood pressure?
What is the normal range for adult blood pressure?
- 110-140 mmHG/60-90 mmHG (correct)
- 110-140 mmHG/60-80 mmHG
- 120-160 mmHG/70-90 mmHG
- 90-120 mmHG/50-70 mmHG
Which type of infection is acquired through intervention or treatment by a physician?
Which type of infection is acquired through intervention or treatment by a physician?
- Iatrogenic (correct)
- Idiopathic
- Community acquired
- Nosocomial
What does medical asepsis primarily focus on?
What does medical asepsis primarily focus on?
- Reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted (correct)
- Eliminating all microorganisms from surfaces
- Cleaning surfaces with disinfectants
- Sterilizing surgical instruments
What is the normal pulse rate for infants?
What is the normal pulse rate for infants?
Which of the following best describes surgical asepsis?
Which of the following best describes surgical asepsis?
What is the typical respiration rate for children aged 4 to 10 years?
What is the typical respiration rate for children aged 4 to 10 years?
What practice is recommended to avoid transmission of organisms?
What practice is recommended to avoid transmission of organisms?
Which of the following methods is used to destroy pathogens?
Which of the following methods is used to destroy pathogens?
What is the primary condition presented in the text that is characterized by four specific defects?
What is the primary condition presented in the text that is characterized by four specific defects?
Which defect in Tetralogy of Fallot involves a narrowing of the pulmonary valve?
Which defect in Tetralogy of Fallot involves a narrowing of the pulmonary valve?
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage involves bleeding into the brain itself?
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage involves bleeding into the brain itself?
What condition is characterized by an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain's ventricles?
What condition is characterized by an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain's ventricles?
Which bleeding condition is often caused by trauma to the temporal bone and results in bleeding outside the brain but within the skull?
Which bleeding condition is often caused by trauma to the temporal bone and results in bleeding outside the brain but within the skull?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What describes the condition involving leakage of blood into the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?
What describes the condition involving leakage of blood into the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?
Which term refers to the defect that allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle instead of the aorta?
Which term refers to the defect that allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle instead of the aorta?
What is a common complication associated with gastric ulcers?
What is a common complication associated with gastric ulcers?
What is the primary cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What is the primary cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What condition is characterized by abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and weight changes?
What condition is characterized by abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and weight changes?
Which type of primary brain neoplasm accounts for about 15% of all intracranial tumors?
Which type of primary brain neoplasm accounts for about 15% of all intracranial tumors?
Which type of bowel obstruction is caused by structural abnormalities?
Which type of bowel obstruction is caused by structural abnormalities?
What complication can arise from bowel adhesions following abdominal surgery?
What complication can arise from bowel adhesions following abdominal surgery?
Which condition is characterized by a congenital defect where the lamina fail to unite?
Which condition is characterized by a congenital defect where the lamina fail to unite?
Which condition involves the infection and bleeding of diverticula?
Which condition involves the infection and bleeding of diverticula?
What is the main characteristic of polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
What is the main characteristic of polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
Which term describes a slow-growing, usually benign tumor arising from astrocytes in the brain?
Which term describes a slow-growing, usually benign tumor arising from astrocytes in the brain?
What can cause appendicitis?
What can cause appendicitis?
What is the key symptom associated with spinal stenosis?
What is the key symptom associated with spinal stenosis?
What type of neoplasm originates in glandular tissue?
What type of neoplasm originates in glandular tissue?
What complication can arise from a renal abscess?
What complication can arise from a renal abscess?
What describes a hard mass of entangled material found in the digestive tract?
What describes a hard mass of entangled material found in the digestive tract?
Which of the following statements about kidney hypoplasia is true?
Which of the following statements about kidney hypoplasia is true?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of bowel obstruction?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of bowel obstruction?
What does a meningocele condition involve?
What does a meningocele condition involve?
What can result from the entrapment of feces within a diverticulum?
What can result from the entrapment of feces within a diverticulum?
What condition involves the accumulation of plaque within blood vessels?
What condition involves the accumulation of plaque within blood vessels?
What principle asserts that one must not intentionally cause harm?
What principle asserts that one must not intentionally cause harm?
Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of life above all?
Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of life above all?
What is required for a valid patient consent?
What is required for a valid patient consent?
Which of the following is not a type of contract?
Which of the following is not a type of contract?
Which ethical principle relates to the fair treatment and equal rights of individuals?
Which ethical principle relates to the fair treatment and equal rights of individuals?
Which stage of Maslow's hierarchy is about achieving personal potential?
Which stage of Maslow's hierarchy is about achieving personal potential?
What does confidentiality aim to protect in a healthcare context?
What does confidentiality aim to protect in a healthcare context?
Which of the following describes an implied contract?
Which of the following describes an implied contract?
What is the goal of beneficence in healthcare?
What is the goal of beneficence in healthcare?
Who can act as a designated surrogate or proxy in healthcare decisions?
Who can act as a designated surrogate or proxy in healthcare decisions?
Which of the following is a requirement for a valid contract?
Which of the following is a requirement for a valid contract?
What describes the ethical principle of veracity?
What describes the ethical principle of veracity?
What is a common characteristic of a formal contract?
What is a common characteristic of a formal contract?
What type of consent arises when a patient acts in a way that implies acceptance of a medical procedure?
What type of consent arises when a patient acts in a way that implies acceptance of a medical procedure?
What does hyperextension refer to in terms of body movement?
What does hyperextension refer to in terms of body movement?
Which of the following describes the term 'distal'?
Which of the following describes the term 'distal'?
What does the action of abduction entail in body movement?
What does the action of abduction entail in body movement?
Which term describes the outward turning of the foot at the ankle?
Which term describes the outward turning of the foot at the ankle?
What does the term 'medial' indicate in anatomical terminology?
What does the term 'medial' indicate in anatomical terminology?
What is osteomalacia characterized by?
What is osteomalacia characterized by?
What is the primary treatment method that does NOT apply to malignancies?
What is the primary treatment method that does NOT apply to malignancies?
Which condition is associated with a bacterial infection causing bone abscess formation?
Which condition is associated with a bacterial infection causing bone abscess formation?
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease primarily characterized by?
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease primarily characterized by?
What is the primary characteristic of Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
What is the primary characteristic of Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
What is the primary focus of surgical asepsis?
What is the primary focus of surgical asepsis?
Which type of infection is characterized by its occurrence during a hospital stay?
Which type of infection is characterized by its occurrence during a hospital stay?
In terms of blood pressure, what is considered a normal range for adults?
In terms of blood pressure, what is considered a normal range for adults?
What is the role of antiseptics in infection control?
What is the role of antiseptics in infection control?
Which term best describes an infection with an unspecified origin?
Which term best describes an infection with an unspecified origin?
What is the definition of contamination in the context of infection control?
What is the definition of contamination in the context of infection control?
What is the typical pulse rate range for a child aged 4 to 10 years?
What is the typical pulse rate range for a child aged 4 to 10 years?
What process involves the destruction of pathogens using chemicals?
What process involves the destruction of pathogens using chemicals?
What is the significance of pulmonary stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is the significance of pulmonary stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which intracranial hemorrhage is characterized by bleeding within the brain tissue?
Which intracranial hemorrhage is characterized by bleeding within the brain tissue?
What condition is characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles?
What condition is characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles?
Which defect in Tetralogy of Fallot allows deoxygenated blood to mix with oxygenated blood?
Which defect in Tetralogy of Fallot allows deoxygenated blood to mix with oxygenated blood?
What type of intracranial hemorrhage is often associated with trauma to the temporal bone?
What type of intracranial hemorrhage is often associated with trauma to the temporal bone?
Which of the following describes the consequence of right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following describes the consequence of right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What causes subarachnoid bleeding?
What causes subarachnoid bleeding?
Which condition is characterized by bleeding outside the brain but within the skull?
Which condition is characterized by bleeding outside the brain but within the skull?
What is a potential complication of gastric carcinoma?
What is a potential complication of gastric carcinoma?
What is a characteristic feature of mechanical bowel obstruction?
What is a characteristic feature of mechanical bowel obstruction?
What typically causes the formation of diverticulitis?
What typically causes the formation of diverticulitis?
What describes a typical presentation of appendicitis?
What describes a typical presentation of appendicitis?
Hernias can occur due to what primary issue?
Hernias can occur due to what primary issue?
Which of the following statements is true about bezoars?
Which of the following statements is true about bezoars?
Which condition is described as chronic inflammation of the bowel?
Which condition is described as chronic inflammation of the bowel?
What best describes hepatic cysts?
What best describes hepatic cysts?
What is a possible consequence of bowel adhesions following surgery?
What is a possible consequence of bowel adhesions following surgery?
What is a common cause of bowel obstruction related to volvulus?
What is a common cause of bowel obstruction related to volvulus?
What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure?
What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure?
Which device is specifically used to measure blood pressure?
Which device is specifically used to measure blood pressure?
What reading is indicative of hypotension?
What reading is indicative of hypotension?
Which part of the body controls both respiration rate and blood pressure?
Which part of the body controls both respiration rate and blood pressure?
What defines hypertension in terms of systolic pressure?
What defines hypertension in terms of systolic pressure?
What does the term 'dorsiflexion' refer to?
What does the term 'dorsiflexion' refer to?
Which term describes the rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing up?
Which term describes the rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing up?
What does 'plantar flexion' involve?
What does 'plantar flexion' involve?
In anatomical terms, what does 'caudad' indicate?
In anatomical terms, what does 'caudad' indicate?
Which of the following terms refers to the back part of a body or organ?
Which of the following terms refers to the back part of a body or organ?
Which microorganism is characterized as a one-celled organism without a typical nucleus?
Which microorganism is characterized as a one-celled organism without a typical nucleus?
What does 'supine' describe?
What does 'supine' describe?
What term describes substances that invade the body and induce the production of antibodies?
What term describes substances that invade the body and induce the production of antibodies?
Which anatomical term refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ?
Which anatomical term refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ?
What does the term 'circumduction' describe?
What does the term 'circumduction' describe?
Which type of microorganism primarily reproduces through budding or spore formation?
Which type of microorganism primarily reproduces through budding or spore formation?
Which microorganisms are known to be able to move using flagella or cilia?
Which microorganisms are known to be able to move using flagella or cilia?
Which vector is specifically known to transmit Lyme disease through biting?
Which vector is specifically known to transmit Lyme disease through biting?
Which anatomical structure is identified as the vertebra prominens?
Which anatomical structure is identified as the vertebra prominens?
What is the characteristic of a tubercle in anatomical terminology?
What is the characteristic of a tubercle in anatomical terminology?
Which body position involves lying flat on the stomach with legs straight?
Which body position involves lying flat on the stomach with legs straight?
What does the term 'fissure' refer to in anatomical terminology?
What does the term 'fissure' refer to in anatomical terminology?
Which anatomical position is characterized by the head and torso being lower than the heart?
Which anatomical position is characterized by the head and torso being lower than the heart?
What condition is characterized by coughing of blood?
What condition is characterized by coughing of blood?
Which process is often associated with protrusion through a defect in the abdominal wall?
Which process is often associated with protrusion through a defect in the abdominal wall?
What does the term 'tuberosity' refer to?
What does the term 'tuberosity' refer to?
What describes the position of being on one side with the top leg over the bottom?
What describes the position of being on one side with the top leg over the bottom?
Which anatomical term refers to a small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation?
Which anatomical term refers to a small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation?
What is the condition characterized by the abnormal alignment of the kidneys within the body?
What is the condition characterized by the abnormal alignment of the kidneys within the body?
Which condition is most commonly associated with kidney stones?
Which condition is most commonly associated with kidney stones?
What describes the disease where gastric contents flow back into the esophagus?
What describes the disease where gastric contents flow back into the esophagus?
Which tumor is most prevalent in infancy and early childhood?
Which tumor is most prevalent in infancy and early childhood?
What is the primary condition that may lead to dysphagia and halitosis?
What is the primary condition that may lead to dysphagia and halitosis?
Which of these is an abnormal backflow of urine into the ureter?
Which of these is an abnormal backflow of urine into the ureter?
What results from portal hypertension and may lead to life-threatening complications?
What results from portal hypertension and may lead to life-threatening complications?
What condition involves an outpouching of the ureter and may lead to infections?
What condition involves an outpouching of the ureter and may lead to infections?
What disease can be a result of a bacterial infection and also arise from various dietary factors?
What disease can be a result of a bacterial infection and also arise from various dietary factors?
Which term refers to a calcified valve found within veins surrounding the urinary bladder?
Which term refers to a calcified valve found within veins surrounding the urinary bladder?
What condition is commonly referred to as 'rickets' and is characterized by the softening of bones?
What condition is commonly referred to as 'rickets' and is characterized by the softening of bones?
Which treatment method is NOT one of the primary methods for treating malignancies?
Which treatment method is NOT one of the primary methods for treating malignancies?
What is a primary symptom of Osgood-Schlatter disease?
What is a primary symptom of Osgood-Schlatter disease?
What is a characteristic feature of Osteomyelitis?
What is a characteristic feature of Osteomyelitis?
Which of the following describes Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
Which of the following describes Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
What is the characteristic of benign neoplasms?
What is the characteristic of benign neoplasms?
Which type of cancer originates from epithelial tissues?
Which type of cancer originates from epithelial tissues?
What condition is caused by the loss of blood supply to an organ?
What condition is caused by the loss of blood supply to an organ?
What is a common result of ischemia in tissues?
What is a common result of ischemia in tissues?
Which neoplasm is characterized by highly malignant soft tissue growths?
Which neoplasm is characterized by highly malignant soft tissue growths?
What is a primary characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
What is a primary characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
Which type of cancer primarily affects the production of lymphocytes?
Which type of cancer primarily affects the production of lymphocytes?
What does collateral circulation represent?
What does collateral circulation represent?
What is the condition commonly referred to as 'brittle bone disease'?
What is the condition commonly referred to as 'brittle bone disease'?
What joint condition is characterized by morning stiffness and pain, affecting women three times more often than men?
What joint condition is characterized by morning stiffness and pain, affecting women three times more often than men?
Which condition is identified by the formation of excessively hard and dense bones known as 'marble bone disease'?
Which condition is identified by the formation of excessively hard and dense bones known as 'marble bone disease'?
Which type of arthritis is primarily linked to metabolic issues, specifically an increase in uric acid production?
Which type of arthritis is primarily linked to metabolic issues, specifically an increase in uric acid production?
What characterizes the condition known as 'bamboo spine'?
What characterizes the condition known as 'bamboo spine'?
Which condition involves the secondary subluxation of a vertebral body causing canal narrowing?
Which condition involves the secondary subluxation of a vertebral body causing canal narrowing?
What is an example of a benign, radiolucent lesion filled with fluid commonly referred to as?
What is an example of a benign, radiolucent lesion filled with fluid commonly referred to as?
Which type of arthritis is the most common degenerative condition leading to the natural loss of joint cartilage?
Which type of arthritis is the most common degenerative condition leading to the natural loss of joint cartilage?
What is a common characteristic of an abscess?
What is a common characteristic of an abscess?
Which term best describes a congenital defect where there is no organ formation?
Which term best describes a congenital defect where there is no organ formation?
What is the meaning of the term 'idiopathic' in the context of pathology?
What is the meaning of the term 'idiopathic' in the context of pathology?
What differentiates a sign from a symptom in pathology?
What differentiates a sign from a symptom in pathology?
Which of the following best describes ischemia?
Which of the following best describes ischemia?
What is the result of a hematoma?
What is the result of a hematoma?
Which condition is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities?
Which condition is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities?
What defines the process of hyperemia?
What defines the process of hyperemia?
What does edema represent in a pathological context?
What does edema represent in a pathological context?
What is the significance of phagocytosis in the inflammatory response?
What is the significance of phagocytosis in the inflammatory response?
What is the main focus of beneficence in healthcare?
What is the main focus of beneficence in healthcare?
Which of the following is a requirement for valid patient consent?
Which of the following is a requirement for valid patient consent?
What does the ethical principle of sanctity of life emphasize?
What does the ethical principle of sanctity of life emphasize?
Which type of contract requires express written or verbal consent?
Which type of contract requires express written or verbal consent?
What is the principle of non-maleficence primarily concerned with?
What is the principle of non-maleficence primarily concerned with?
Which stage in Maslow's hierarchy addresses the need for friendship and intimacy?
Which stage in Maslow's hierarchy addresses the need for friendship and intimacy?
What is required for a formal contract to be valid?
What is required for a formal contract to be valid?
Which ethical principle refers to the honesty of a person in their conduct?
Which ethical principle refers to the honesty of a person in their conduct?
In the context of patient rights, what does confidentiality protect?
In the context of patient rights, what does confidentiality protect?
What does the term 'autonomy' in ethical principles refer to?
What does the term 'autonomy' in ethical principles refer to?
What is the goal of the ethical principle of justice?
What is the goal of the ethical principle of justice?
What distinguishes an informal contract from other types of contracts?
What distinguishes an informal contract from other types of contracts?
Which principle asserts that one must respect the rights and decisions of others?
Which principle asserts that one must respect the rights and decisions of others?
What characterizes advance directives related to end-of-life issues?
What characterizes advance directives related to end-of-life issues?
What protein is insufficiently produced in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta?
What protein is insufficiently produced in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta?
Which condition is characterized by bones that become overly dense and hard?
Which condition is characterized by bones that become overly dense and hard?
What condition is commonly associated with the inflammation of synovial membranes in joints?
What condition is commonly associated with the inflammation of synovial membranes in joints?
Which term describes the condition involving the chronic fusion of the sacroiliac joints and spine?
Which term describes the condition involving the chronic fusion of the sacroiliac joints and spine?
Which condition primarily manifests in the great toe due to increased uric acid levels?
Which condition primarily manifests in the great toe due to increased uric acid levels?
What characterizes osteoarthritis as a degenerative joint disease?
What characterizes osteoarthritis as a degenerative joint disease?
Which of the following conditions is best described by bone islands?
Which of the following conditions is best described by bone islands?
What is a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the primary defect in the Tetralogy of Fallot that restricts blood flow to the pulmonary arteries?
What is the primary defect in the Tetralogy of Fallot that restricts blood flow to the pulmonary arteries?
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage involves bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid spaces surrounding the brain?
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage involves bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid spaces surrounding the brain?
Which abnormality in Tetralogy of Fallot results from the heart's left ventricle directing blood to the right ventricle instead of the aorta?
Which abnormality in Tetralogy of Fallot results from the heart's left ventricle directing blood to the right ventricle instead of the aorta?
What condition may arise due to excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the ventricles?
What condition may arise due to excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the ventricles?
What type of intracranial bleeding is often associated with trauma and occurs between the dura mater and the skull?
What type of intracranial bleeding is often associated with trauma and occurs between the dura mater and the skull?
Which condition describes the loss of blood within the cerebrum due to a ruptured artery or vein?
Which condition describes the loss of blood within the cerebrum due to a ruptured artery or vein?
What defect results in the heart having to work harder due to narrowed pathways in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What defect results in the heart having to work harder due to narrowed pathways in Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is a common etiology for extracebral bleeding?
What is a common etiology for extracebral bleeding?
What causes mechanical bowel obstruction?
What causes mechanical bowel obstruction?
What characterizes diverticulitis?
What characterizes diverticulitis?
What type of neoplasm originates in glandular tissue?
What type of neoplasm originates in glandular tissue?
What is a common consequence of bowel adhesions?
What is a common consequence of bowel adhesions?
What condition may result from a volvulus in the intestines?
What condition may result from a volvulus in the intestines?
What is a common symptom of Crohn's disease?
What is a common symptom of Crohn's disease?
Which of the following defines a hernia?
Which of the following defines a hernia?
What is the primary risk associated with hepatic cysts?
What is the primary risk associated with hepatic cysts?
What is a common predisposing factor for appendicitis?
What is a common predisposing factor for appendicitis?
What usually causes bezoars in the digestive tract?
What usually causes bezoars in the digestive tract?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Paget's disease?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Paget's disease?
Which of the following best describes osteochondroma?
Which of the following best describes osteochondroma?
What type of lung disease is characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow?
What type of lung disease is characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow?
Which condition is commonly caused by inhalation of a foreign object leading to pneumonia?
Which condition is commonly caused by inhalation of a foreign object leading to pneumonia?
What distinguishes multiple myeloma from other bone tumors?
What distinguishes multiple myeloma from other bone tumors?
How does pneumothorax affect lung function?
How does pneumothorax affect lung function?
Which of the following cancers is often secondary to other primary malignancies?
Which of the following cancers is often secondary to other primary malignancies?
What is a key characteristic of COPD?
What is a key characteristic of COPD?
What type of imaging appearance is associated with multiple myeloma?
What type of imaging appearance is associated with multiple myeloma?
What is a primary risk factor for developing emphysema?
What is a primary risk factor for developing emphysema?
What is an osteolytic lesion commonly associated with?
What is an osteolytic lesion commonly associated with?
Which condition results from inhaling dust or fibers, causing pulmonary fibrosis?
Which condition results from inhaling dust or fibers, causing pulmonary fibrosis?
Which type of bone tumor is typically benign and associated with a cartilaginous cap?
Which type of bone tumor is typically benign and associated with a cartilaginous cap?
What complication can occur from chronic pulmonary conditions?
What complication can occur from chronic pulmonary conditions?
Which type of infection is characterized by its unknown cause?
Which type of infection is characterized by its unknown cause?
What is the typical range for adult pulse rate?
What is the typical range for adult pulse rate?
Which practice primarily helps reduce the likelihood of infection transmission in healthcare settings?
Which practice primarily helps reduce the likelihood of infection transmission in healthcare settings?
What is the primary difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
What is the primary difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
What temperature range is considered normal for adult body temperatures?
What temperature range is considered normal for adult body temperatures?
Which classification of infection stems from contact with a healthcare facility?
Which classification of infection stems from contact with a healthcare facility?
What describes the process of eliminating all microorganisms?
What describes the process of eliminating all microorganisms?
What is a common feature of acute infections?
What is a common feature of acute infections?
What is the primary treatment method that involves the use of drugs to combat cancer?
What is the primary treatment method that involves the use of drugs to combat cancer?
Which condition is characterized by softening of bones due to insufficient mineralization?
Which condition is characterized by softening of bones due to insufficient mineralization?
What complication is often associated with a bacterial infection in the bone?
What complication is often associated with a bacterial infection in the bone?
Which term describes the abnormal proliferation of immature blood cells?
Which term describes the abnormal proliferation of immature blood cells?
What is the common name for the condition known as osteomalacia, particularly in children?
What is the common name for the condition known as osteomalacia, particularly in children?
What is the correct definition of supination?
What is the correct definition of supination?
Which term refers to movement away from the head of the body?
Which term refers to movement away from the head of the body?
How is the term 'anterior' best described in anatomical terms?
How is the term 'anterior' best described in anatomical terms?
What position is referred to as supine?
What position is referred to as supine?
Which movement is characterized as circumduction?
Which movement is characterized as circumduction?
What is the anatomical term for the top surface of the foot?
What is the anatomical term for the top surface of the foot?
In anatomical terms, what describes the position of malleolus?
In anatomical terms, what describes the position of malleolus?
Which term best describes a vertical axis in anatomical references?
Which term best describes a vertical axis in anatomical references?
What is the primary condition associated with cholelithiasis?
What is the primary condition associated with cholelithiasis?
Which fracture is characterized by a twisting apart of the bone?
Which fracture is characterized by a twisting apart of the bone?
What distinguishes a greenstick fracture from other types?
What distinguishes a greenstick fracture from other types?
Which type of fracture involves the head of the 4th or 5th metacarpal?
Which type of fracture involves the head of the 4th or 5th metacarpal?
What is a common characteristic of splenomegaly?
What is a common characteristic of splenomegaly?
What type of fracture is referred to as a torus fracture?
What type of fracture is referred to as a torus fracture?
Which type of fracture is associated with hyperextension and affects the cervical region?
Which type of fracture is associated with hyperextension and affects the cervical region?
What condition involves derangement of the spine characterized by an abnormal posterior curvature?
What condition involves derangement of the spine characterized by an abnormal posterior curvature?
Which type of fracture specifically refers to a break in the shaft of the 5th metatarsal?
Which type of fracture specifically refers to a break in the shaft of the 5th metatarsal?
What does a Hangman's fracture involve?
What does a Hangman's fracture involve?
What occurs during the actual disease period?
What occurs during the actual disease period?
Which information is essential to include in a radiographic image?
Which information is essential to include in a radiographic image?
What does osmolality refer to in the context of contrast agents?
What does osmolality refer to in the context of contrast agents?
Which medication is classified as a vasodilator?
Which medication is classified as a vasodilator?
What can occur if a patient has been NPO since midnight?
What can occur if a patient has been NPO since midnight?
What does the term 'viscosity' relate to in contrast agents?
What does the term 'viscosity' relate to in contrast agents?
During which stage does the recovery phase take place after an illness?
During which stage does the recovery phase take place after an illness?
What should the bevel of a syringe face when performing intravenous injections?
What should the bevel of a syringe face when performing intravenous injections?
Which of the following is NOT an essential information in a radiographic image?
Which of the following is NOT an essential information in a radiographic image?
Which of these terms refers to an obligation to answer for an act done?
Which of these terms refers to an obligation to answer for an act done?
What principle should guide healthcare professionals to avoid causing harm intentionally?
What principle should guide healthcare professionals to avoid causing harm intentionally?
Which ethical principle highlights the idea that life is the highest good?
Which ethical principle highlights the idea that life is the highest good?
What is a key requirement for valid patient consent?
What is a key requirement for valid patient consent?
In healthcare ethics, what does confidentiality protect?
In healthcare ethics, what does confidentiality protect?
Which of the following describes a formal contract?
Which of the following describes a formal contract?
What is the purpose of the ethical principle of beneficence?
What is the purpose of the ethical principle of beneficence?
Which type of contract does not require formalities and is created through actions?
Which type of contract does not require formalities and is created through actions?
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level comes immediately after safety needs?
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level comes immediately after safety needs?
What does the principle of autonomy focus on in healthcare?
What does the principle of autonomy focus on in healthcare?
What defines the ethical principle of fidelity?
What defines the ethical principle of fidelity?
What is an advance directive in healthcare?
What is an advance directive in healthcare?
Which of the following is NOT a requisite for a valid contract?
Which of the following is NOT a requisite for a valid contract?
What is the primary focus of the principle of justice in healthcare?
What is the primary focus of the principle of justice in healthcare?
Which of the following describes maleficence?
Which of the following describes maleficence?
What type of microorganism is characterized as a one-celled organism without a typical nucleus?
What type of microorganism is characterized as a one-celled organism without a typical nucleus?
Which form of fungi is known to reproduce by budding?
Which form of fungi is known to reproduce by budding?
What method do protozoa primarily use for movement?
What method do protozoa primarily use for movement?
What are antigens responsible for in the body?
What are antigens responsible for in the body?
Which of the following accurately describes vectors in the context of disease transmission?
Which of the following accurately describes vectors in the context of disease transmission?
What type of tumor makes up about 30% of all primary brain neoplasms?
What type of tumor makes up about 30% of all primary brain neoplasms?
Which condition is characterized by the congenital absence of a kidney?
Which condition is characterized by the congenital absence of a kidney?
What is the implication of a meningocele in spina bifida?
What is the implication of a meningocele in spina bifida?
What condition involves the presence of multiple cysts within the kidneys?
What condition involves the presence of multiple cysts within the kidneys?
What is the primary cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What is the primary cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
Which term describes the situation where the lower poles of both kidneys fuse?
Which term describes the situation where the lower poles of both kidneys fuse?
What type of renal condition may originate from a blood infection?
What type of renal condition may originate from a blood infection?
What is a characteristic of spina bifida involving both meninges and spinal cord?
What is a characteristic of spina bifida involving both meninges and spinal cord?
What does kidney hypoplasia refer to?
What does kidney hypoplasia refer to?
What is the primary feature of a pituitary adenoma?
What is the primary feature of a pituitary adenoma?
What is the primary role of a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC)?
What is the primary role of a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC)?
In which phase of grief does a person begin to mourn for their past life?
In which phase of grief does a person begin to mourn for their past life?
What is the most accurate method to measure body temperature?
What is the most accurate method to measure body temperature?
What does the systolic blood pressure measure?
What does the systolic blood pressure measure?
Which method is recommended for the safe movement of heavy objects?
Which method is recommended for the safe movement of heavy objects?
What phase of grief might involve making deals or promises to reverse the loss?
What phase of grief might involve making deals or promises to reverse the loss?
Which pulse site is typically considered the primary site for monitoring during CPR in adults and children?
Which pulse site is typically considered the primary site for monitoring during CPR in adults and children?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in body temperature regulation?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in body temperature regulation?
Which best describes the action taken when assisting a patient to transfer towards their stronger side?
Which best describes the action taken when assisting a patient to transfer towards their stronger side?
What is considered the fifth vital sign in patient assessment?
What is considered the fifth vital sign in patient assessment?
What is a hallmark radiographic appearance of multiple myeloma?
What is a hallmark radiographic appearance of multiple myeloma?
Osteosarcoma commonly metastasizes to which organ?
Osteosarcoma commonly metastasizes to which organ?
Which condition is characterized by a pattern of bone destruction followed by excessive bone growth?
Which condition is characterized by a pattern of bone destruction followed by excessive bone growth?
What is a common symptom associated with Paget's Disease?
What is a common symptom associated with Paget's Disease?
What type of lung condition is bronchiectasis?
What type of lung condition is bronchiectasis?
Pneumothorax can lead to which of the following?
Pneumothorax can lead to which of the following?
What defines an osteochondroma?
What defines an osteochondroma?
Which lung condition is a complication of pneumonia characterized by a necrotic area of lung tissue?
Which lung condition is a complication of pneumonia characterized by a necrotic area of lung tissue?
In which condition would you typically expect to find Bence-Jones proteins?
In which condition would you typically expect to find Bence-Jones proteins?
What characteristic appearance is associated with fibrosarcoma on radiographic imaging?
What characteristic appearance is associated with fibrosarcoma on radiographic imaging?
Which lung condition involves inhaling foreign materials leading to inflammation?
Which lung condition involves inhaling foreign materials leading to inflammation?
Which type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with smoking?
Which type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with smoking?
Which condition is characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the pleural space?
Which condition is characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the pleural space?
What condition results from chronic exposure to particulate matter in the workplace?
What condition results from chronic exposure to particulate matter in the workplace?
What does the principle of non-maleficence emphasize in healthcare?
What does the principle of non-maleficence emphasize in healthcare?
Which of the following is a requirement for valid patient consent?
Which of the following is a requirement for valid patient consent?
Which principle relates to the responsibility of maintaining patient privacy?
Which principle relates to the responsibility of maintaining patient privacy?
What is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What key feature differentiates a formal contract from an informal contract?
What key feature differentiates a formal contract from an informal contract?
Which ethical principle advocates for the fairness and equality of treatment?
Which ethical principle advocates for the fairness and equality of treatment?
What does the ethical principle of fidelity emphasize?
What does the ethical principle of fidelity emphasize?
Which of the following best describes implied contracts?
Which of the following best describes implied contracts?
Which of the following is NOT a required element for forming a valid contract?
Which of the following is NOT a required element for forming a valid contract?
What does the principle of veracity focus on in a healthcare setting?
What does the principle of veracity focus on in a healthcare setting?
In which scenario would a designated surrogate be necessary in healthcare?
In which scenario would a designated surrogate be necessary in healthcare?
What principle asserts that all actions should be aimed at producing good results?
What principle asserts that all actions should be aimed at producing good results?
Which of the following actions would likely breach a contract?
Which of the following actions would likely breach a contract?
At which vertebral level can the lower costal margin be found?
At which vertebral level can the lower costal margin be found?
Which anatomical process is rounded and located at an articular extremity?
Which anatomical process is rounded and located at an articular extremity?
What describes the position where the head and torso are lower than the heart?
What describes the position where the head and torso are lower than the heart?
Which anatomical term refers to a large, rounded, elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur?
Which anatomical term refers to a large, rounded, elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur?
Which position involves lying on the side with the top leg resting over the bottom leg?
Which position involves lying on the side with the top leg resting over the bottom leg?
What condition is characterized by the proliferation of foreign cells forming a mass in an organ?
What condition is characterized by the proliferation of foreign cells forming a mass in an organ?
What anatomical structure is described as a cleft or deep groove?
What anatomical structure is described as a cleft or deep groove?
Which type of neoplasm is known for having the ability to spread to distant sites in the body?
Which type of neoplasm is known for having the ability to spread to distant sites in the body?
Which structure is identified as an indentation into the border of a bone?
Which structure is identified as an indentation into the border of a bone?
What is the position where the patient is lying flat on their back with knees bent and feet flat on the examination table?
What is the position where the patient is lying flat on their back with knees bent and feet flat on the examination table?
Which term describes the loss of blood supply to an organ, resulting in tissue damage?
Which term describes the loss of blood supply to an organ, resulting in tissue damage?
What is a common outcome of collateral circulation in response to ischemia?
What is a common outcome of collateral circulation in response to ischemia?
What term describes a recess or cavity in a bone?
What term describes a recess or cavity in a bone?
Which of the following cancers arises primarily from blood-forming tissues?
Which of the following cancers arises primarily from blood-forming tissues?
Which of the following is defined as a small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation?
Which of the following is defined as a small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation?
Which type of cancer originates from epithelial tissues, such as in the breast or colon?
Which type of cancer originates from epithelial tissues, such as in the breast or colon?
What condition causes a reduction in bone mass, making bones more susceptible to fractures?
What condition causes a reduction in bone mass, making bones more susceptible to fractures?
Which cancer type is highly malignant and affects soft tissue or connective tissue?
Which cancer type is highly malignant and affects soft tissue or connective tissue?
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
Which imaging modality is the method of choice for diagnosing hepatic hemangioma?
Which imaging modality is the method of choice for diagnosing hepatic hemangioma?
What condition is characterized by the prolapse of a section of bowel due to constriction by peristalsis?
What condition is characterized by the prolapse of a section of bowel due to constriction by peristalsis?
What is a bezoar?
What is a bezoar?
Which of the following cancers is least likely to spread to the liver?
Which of the following cancers is least likely to spread to the liver?
Which of the following describes mechanical bowel obstruction?
Which of the following describes mechanical bowel obstruction?
What is a characteristic finding in a hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis?
What is a characteristic finding in a hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis?
What is the primary characteristic of diverticulitis?
What is the primary characteristic of diverticulitis?
Which condition is associated with the formation of fistulas?
Which condition is associated with the formation of fistulas?
What describes a Colle’s fracture?
What describes a Colle’s fracture?
What type of hernia occurs when the inguinal ring is compromised?
What type of hernia occurs when the inguinal ring is compromised?
What is the primary feature of liver metastasis?
What is the primary feature of liver metastasis?
What complication can occur due to the presence of intussusception?
What complication can occur due to the presence of intussusception?
What complication can arise from bowel adhesions?
What complication can arise from bowel adhesions?
Hepatic cysts are typically characterized as:
Hepatic cysts are typically characterized as:
Which type of obstruction occurs due to the twisting of the bowel?
Which type of obstruction occurs due to the twisting of the bowel?
What condition is often caused by fecal matter within the appendix?
What condition is often caused by fecal matter within the appendix?
Which of the following best describes Crohn's disease?
Which of the following best describes Crohn's disease?
What phase of grief involves a patient potentially feeling that if they behave in a certain way, they may be spared from death?
What phase of grief involves a patient potentially feeling that if they behave in a certain way, they may be spared from death?
Which type of advance directive allows a person to appoint another individual to make healthcare decisions on their behalf?
Which type of advance directive allows a person to appoint another individual to make healthcare decisions on their behalf?
Which method is recommended for moving heavy objects safely?
Which method is recommended for moving heavy objects safely?
What is the most accurate method of measuring body temperature?
What is the most accurate method of measuring body temperature?
What term describes the wave of blood created by the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart?
What term describes the wave of blood created by the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart?
Which pulse site is considered the most accessible for routine checks?
Which pulse site is considered the most accessible for routine checks?
What is considered the fifth vital sign in healthcare assessments?
What is considered the fifth vital sign in healthcare assessments?
Which method of transferring patients is recommended for those with spinal injuries?
Which method of transferring patients is recommended for those with spinal injuries?
Which pulse site is primarily used during CPR for adults and children?
Which pulse site is primarily used during CPR for adults and children?
What physiological mechanism regulates body temperature?
What physiological mechanism regulates body temperature?
What term describes the movement of a part away from the central axis of the body?
What term describes the movement of a part away from the central axis of the body?
Which term refers to parts that are nearer to the feet or situated below?
Which term refers to parts that are nearer to the feet or situated below?
What does hyperextension refer to in terms of joint movement?
What does hyperextension refer to in terms of joint movement?
Which of the following describes the inward turning of the foot at the ankle?
Which of the following describes the inward turning of the foot at the ankle?
What is the opposite of flexion in joint movement terminology?
What is the opposite of flexion in joint movement terminology?
What is the primary way an infectious organism can remain transmissible in a specific area?
What is the primary way an infectious organism can remain transmissible in a specific area?
How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?
How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?
Which method of transmission involves direct contact with inanimate objects?
Which method of transmission involves direct contact with inanimate objects?
What is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?
What is a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?
What defines the latent period in the infection process?
What defines the latent period in the infection process?
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosing hepatic hemangioma?
Which imaging modality is preferred for diagnosing hepatic hemangioma?
What condition is characterized by a section of bowel constricted by peristalsis?
What condition is characterized by a section of bowel constricted by peristalsis?
Which cancers are commonly associated with liver metastasis?
Which cancers are commonly associated with liver metastasis?
What is the defining characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma?
What is the defining characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma?
What type of fracture is characterized by shattered or crushed bones?
What type of fracture is characterized by shattered or crushed bones?
Which type of fracture occurs with an open skin wound?
Which type of fracture occurs with an open skin wound?
What percentage of adult bowel obstruction cases is caused by intussusception?
What percentage of adult bowel obstruction cases is caused by intussusception?
Which anatomical feature is located at the C7 vertebra level?
Which anatomical feature is located at the C7 vertebra level?
What defines a tuberosity in anatomical terms?
What defines a tuberosity in anatomical terms?
What describes the position of a patient lying on their stomach with knees straight?
What describes the position of a patient lying on their stomach with knees straight?
Which of the following anatomical processes is likely to be fracture-prone?
Which of the following anatomical processes is likely to be fracture-prone?
What anatomical depression is described as a deep groove or cleft?
What anatomical depression is described as a deep groove or cleft?
In anatomical terminology, a 'sulcus' refers to what?
In anatomical terminology, a 'sulcus' refers to what?
What is the significance of the 'xiphoid process'?
What is the significance of the 'xiphoid process'?
Which position requires elevation of the head and torso by 15° to 90°?
Which position requires elevation of the head and torso by 15° to 90°?
What anatomical term refers to a beak-like process?
What anatomical term refers to a beak-like process?
What does the term 'stenosis' refer to in anatomical terms?
What does the term 'stenosis' refer to in anatomical terms?
What is the primary emotion experienced in the denial phase of grieving?
What is the primary emotion experienced in the denial phase of grieving?
Which of the following describes a durable power of attorney for health care?
Which of the following describes a durable power of attorney for health care?
In moving heavy objects, what is recommended for maintaining stability?
In moving heavy objects, what is recommended for maintaining stability?
Which thermometer method is considered the most accurate for measuring body temperature?
Which thermometer method is considered the most accurate for measuring body temperature?
What is the role of the medulla oblongata in pulse rate regulation?
What is the role of the medulla oblongata in pulse rate regulation?
When transferring a patient with a urinary catheter, what should be done with the urine collection bag?
When transferring a patient with a urinary catheter, what should be done with the urine collection bag?
What is considered the fifth vital sign in patient assessment?
What is considered the fifth vital sign in patient assessment?
What characteristic is typical for patients in the depression phase of Kubler-Ross's model?
What characteristic is typical for patients in the depression phase of Kubler-Ross's model?
Which pulse location is recognized as the primary site for measuring adults and children's heart rates during CPR?
Which pulse location is recognized as the primary site for measuring adults and children's heart rates during CPR?
What is a common guideline for logrolling patients with spinal injuries?
What is a common guideline for logrolling patients with spinal injuries?
Which type of infection specifically originates during a hospital stay?
Which type of infection specifically originates during a hospital stay?
What best describes the practice of avoiding contamination in a clinical setting?
What best describes the practice of avoiding contamination in a clinical setting?
What is the normal temperature range for adults?
What is the normal temperature range for adults?
Which method is primarily used to halt the growth of microorganisms?
Which method is primarily used to halt the growth of microorganisms?
What is the typical pulse rate for children aged 4 to 10 years old?
What is the typical pulse rate for children aged 4 to 10 years old?
Which of the following best describes community-acquired infections?
Which of the following best describes community-acquired infections?
What is characteristic of acute infections?
What is characteristic of acute infections?
Which cleaning agent is commonly used for disinfection?
Which cleaning agent is commonly used for disinfection?
What is a neoplasm?
What is a neoplasm?
Which term best describes the cancer that arises from cells of connective tissue?
Which term best describes the cancer that arises from cells of connective tissue?
What distinguishes benign neoplasm from malignant neoplasm?
What distinguishes benign neoplasm from malignant neoplasm?
What condition is characterized by the obstruction of blood flow leading to tissue death?
What condition is characterized by the obstruction of blood flow leading to tissue death?
What is the primary role of collateral circulation?
What is the primary role of collateral circulation?
Which type of cancer affects the production of white blood cells?
Which type of cancer affects the production of white blood cells?
What is a common cause of myocardial infarction?
What is a common cause of myocardial infarction?
What is characterized by a reduction in bone mass, making individuals more susceptible to fractures?
What is characterized by a reduction in bone mass, making individuals more susceptible to fractures?
What is an abscess characterized as?
What is an abscess characterized as?
Which term describes the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body?
Which term describes the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body?
What defines ischemia in a medical context?
What defines ischemia in a medical context?
Which syndrome is characterized by a group of signs and symptoms associated with a specific disturbance?
Which syndrome is characterized by a group of signs and symptoms associated with a specific disturbance?
What does the term 'iatrogenic' refer to in medical terminology?
What does the term 'iatrogenic' refer to in medical terminology?
What is the primary definition of 'pathogenesis'?
What is the primary definition of 'pathogenesis'?
What is a notable symptom of achalasia?
What is a notable symptom of achalasia?
Which statement about carcinoma is correct?
Which statement about carcinoma is correct?
What does the term 'atrophy' refer to?
What does the term 'atrophy' refer to?
What characterizes a fistula?
What characterizes a fistula?
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
What modality is preferred for imaging hepatocellular carcinoma?
What modality is preferred for imaging hepatocellular carcinoma?
Which cancer is NOT commonly associated with liver metastasis?
Which cancer is NOT commonly associated with liver metastasis?
What condition describes the bowel being constricted and causing it to prolapse?
What condition describes the bowel being constricted and causing it to prolapse?
Which type of fracture is characterized by shattered or crushed bones?
Which type of fracture is characterized by shattered or crushed bones?
A compound fracture is defined as which of the following?
A compound fracture is defined as which of the following?
What common symptom is associated with liver metastases?
What common symptom is associated with liver metastases?
What is the primary imaging modality needed for evaluating hepatic hemangioma?
What is the primary imaging modality needed for evaluating hepatic hemangioma?
What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system?
What is the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system?
What is the most common indication for performing an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?
What is the most common indication for performing an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?
What can lead to dysphagia and halitosis in patients?
What can lead to dysphagia and halitosis in patients?
Which condition is characterized by an abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureter?
Which condition is characterized by an abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureter?
What is the most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and early childhood?
What is the most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and early childhood?
What can be a result of portal hypertension and may rupture?
What can be a result of portal hypertension and may rupture?
Which condition is commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Which condition is commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
What can be a source of future urinary tract infections or trap kidney stones?
What can be a source of future urinary tract infections or trap kidney stones?
What is most commonly mistaken for kidney stones due to its calcified nature?
What is most commonly mistaken for kidney stones due to its calcified nature?
Which condition describes the presence of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum?
Which condition describes the presence of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum?
What is the term for moving a body part away from the central axis?
What is the term for moving a body part away from the central axis?
Which term describes the downward rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces down?
Which term describes the downward rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces down?
What is the correct definition of hyperextension?
What is the correct definition of hyperextension?
Which term refers to parts that are nearer to the trunk of the body?
Which term refers to parts that are nearer to the trunk of the body?
What is the meaning of eversion in terms of foot movement?
What is the meaning of eversion in terms of foot movement?
Which type of infection is primarily acquired through exposure in a healthcare setting?
Which type of infection is primarily acquired through exposure in a healthcare setting?
What is an example of a practice that falls under medical asepsis?
What is an example of a practice that falls under medical asepsis?
What temperature range is considered normal for adults?
What temperature range is considered normal for adults?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an acute infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an acute infection?
Which of the following methods is primarily used to stop the growth of microorganisms?
Which of the following methods is primarily used to stop the growth of microorganisms?
In terms of respiratory rate, what is the normal range for adults?
In terms of respiratory rate, what is the normal range for adults?
What is a key difference between surgical asepsis and medical asepsis?
What is a key difference between surgical asepsis and medical asepsis?
What is the typical pulse rate range for children aged 4 to 10 years?
What is the typical pulse rate range for children aged 4 to 10 years?
What type of tumor accounts for approximately 30% of all primary brain neoplasms?
What type of tumor accounts for approximately 30% of all primary brain neoplasms?
Which condition results from a congenital absence of a kidney?
Which condition results from a congenital absence of a kidney?
What term describes a condition where part of the spinal cord and meninges herniate?
What term describes a condition where part of the spinal cord and meninges herniate?
What is the primary cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What is the primary cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
Which type of neoplasm is known to originate from arachnoid tissue?
Which type of neoplasm is known to originate from arachnoid tissue?
What is a characteristic of horseshoe kidneys?
What is a characteristic of horseshoe kidneys?
What condition is characterized by multiple cysts forming within the kidneys?
What condition is characterized by multiple cysts forming within the kidneys?
Which condition can arise from sepsis or bacterial infection in the urinary system?
Which condition can arise from sepsis or bacterial infection in the urinary system?
Which condition indicates a narrowing of the spinal canal?
Which condition indicates a narrowing of the spinal canal?
What does hypoplasia refer to in the context of kidneys?
What does hypoplasia refer to in the context of kidneys?
What is a possible complication of chronic gastrointestinal issues related to the development of bowel problems?
What is a possible complication of chronic gastrointestinal issues related to the development of bowel problems?
What is the primary characteristic of peptic ulcers?
What is the primary characteristic of peptic ulcers?
Which type of hernia specifically involves the inguinal ring?
Which type of hernia specifically involves the inguinal ring?
Which condition is characterized by hard masses of entangled material within the digestive tract?
Which condition is characterized by hard masses of entangled material within the digestive tract?
What is a common symptom of diverticulitis?
What is a common symptom of diverticulitis?
What defines a mechanical bowel obstruction?
What defines a mechanical bowel obstruction?
Which syndrome is associated with chronic inflammation of the bowel, potentially leading to bowel obstruction?
Which syndrome is associated with chronic inflammation of the bowel, potentially leading to bowel obstruction?
What is a hepatic cyst?
What is a hepatic cyst?
How can bowel adhesions lead to complications?
How can bowel adhesions lead to complications?
What results from the reduction in peristaltic action of the intestines?
What results from the reduction in peristaltic action of the intestines?
What does the ethical principle of non-maleficence emphasize?
What does the ethical principle of non-maleficence emphasize?
Which element is NOT a requisite of a contract?
Which element is NOT a requisite of a contract?
What is the purpose of patient consent?
What is the purpose of patient consent?
Which of the following best describes the double effect principle?
Which of the following best describes the double effect principle?
In which stage of Maslow's hierarchy is the focus on friendship and intimacy?
In which stage of Maslow's hierarchy is the focus on friendship and intimacy?
What establishes the legal capacity for parties entering a contract?
What establishes the legal capacity for parties entering a contract?
Which ethical principle emphasizes respect for individual decision-making?
Which ethical principle emphasizes respect for individual decision-making?
What is the primary focus of the ethical principle of beneficence?
What is the primary focus of the ethical principle of beneficence?
What characterizes an implied contract?
What characterizes an implied contract?
Which aspect is NOT a component of valid patient consent?
Which aspect is NOT a component of valid patient consent?
Which ethical principle insists on honesty towards others?
Which ethical principle insists on honesty towards others?
What must be true for a contract to be breached?
What must be true for a contract to be breached?
What is the principle of justice mainly concerned with?
What is the principle of justice mainly concerned with?
What is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
What is osteomalacia commonly characterized by?
What is osteomalacia commonly characterized by?
Which treatment method is NOT one of the three primary methods for treating malignancies?
Which treatment method is NOT one of the three primary methods for treating malignancies?
What condition is characterized by inflammation at the tibial tuberosity, commonly affecting young athletes?
What condition is characterized by inflammation at the tibial tuberosity, commonly affecting young athletes?
Which condition involves a bacterial infection of the bone leading to abscess formation?
Which condition involves a bacterial infection of the bone leading to abscess formation?
What term describes the obstruction of normal blood flow leading to tissue hyperplasia?
What term describes the obstruction of normal blood flow leading to tissue hyperplasia?
The condition characterized by softening of bones due to insufficient mineralization is also known as what?
The condition characterized by softening of bones due to insufficient mineralization is also known as what?
Which type of neoplasm arises from connective tissues such as muscle or fat?
Which type of neoplasm arises from connective tissues such as muscle or fat?
What is the primary characteristic of benign neoplasms?
What is the primary characteristic of benign neoplasms?
Which cancer type is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes?
Which cancer type is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of lymphocytes?
What condition results from a loss of blood supply to an organ?
What condition results from a loss of blood supply to an organ?
What is the main purpose of collateral circulation?
What is the main purpose of collateral circulation?
Which type of cancer is known for its ability to spread to distant sites in the body?
Which type of cancer is known for its ability to spread to distant sites in the body?
What is the primary characteristic of an abscess?
What is the primary characteristic of an abscess?
What is the condition characterized by a reduction in bone mass, increasing fracture risk?
What is the condition characterized by a reduction in bone mass, increasing fracture risk?
Which term describes a congenital defect characterized by the absence of an organ?
Which term describes a congenital defect characterized by the absence of an organ?
What does the term 'iatrogenic' refer to?
What does the term 'iatrogenic' refer to?
What is the purpose of hyperemia during an inflammatory response?
What is the purpose of hyperemia during an inflammatory response?
In the context of pathology, what does 'pathogenesis' involve?
In the context of pathology, what does 'pathogenesis' involve?
Which condition is characterized by a bulge or balloon-like appearance of a blood vessel?
Which condition is characterized by a bulge or balloon-like appearance of a blood vessel?
What does 'aplasia' refer to in pathological terms?
What does 'aplasia' refer to in pathological terms?
Which of the following conditions is considered a type of mechanical obstruction?
Which of the following conditions is considered a type of mechanical obstruction?
What best describes the term 'leucocytes' in the context of inflammation?
What best describes the term 'leucocytes' in the context of inflammation?
What does 'dysphagia' refer to?
What does 'dysphagia' refer to?
What is the incubation period in the context of infectious diseases?
What is the incubation period in the context of infectious diseases?
What is required for every radiographic image according to standard procedures?
What is required for every radiographic image according to standard procedures?
What describes osmolality in the context of contrast agents?
What describes osmolality in the context of contrast agents?
What is the period of convalescence characterized by?
What is the period of convalescence characterized by?
Which medication is classified as a chronodilator?
Which medication is classified as a chronodilator?
Why is it important for a patient to be NPO since midnight before certain procedures?
Why is it important for a patient to be NPO since midnight before certain procedures?
What does viscosity refer to in the context of contrast agents?
What does viscosity refer to in the context of contrast agents?
What responsibilities do radiologic technologists have regarding patient care?
What responsibilities do radiologic technologists have regarding patient care?
What is toxicity related to in contrast media?
What is toxicity related to in contrast media?
When should the bevel face up during injections?
When should the bevel face up during injections?
What condition involves the twisting of the bowel that can lead to obstruction?
What condition involves the twisting of the bowel that can lead to obstruction?
What is a common complication associated with peptic ulcers?
What is a common complication associated with peptic ulcers?
Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bowel?
Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bowel?
What type of mass is a bezoar?
What type of mass is a bezoar?
Which type of hernia occurs when a portion of the bowel protrudes through the inguinal ring?
Which type of hernia occurs when a portion of the bowel protrudes through the inguinal ring?
What is the result of an obstruction caused by bowel adhesions after surgery?
What is the result of an obstruction caused by bowel adhesions after surgery?
Which condition is caused by the entrapment of feces within a diverticulum?
Which condition is caused by the entrapment of feces within a diverticulum?
What benign structure may be found within the liver as a thin-walled sac?
What benign structure may be found within the liver as a thin-walled sac?
What type of bowel obstruction is caused by a mechanical issue due to a structural abnormality?
What type of bowel obstruction is caused by a mechanical issue due to a structural abnormality?
What is the primary characteristic of appendicitis?
What is the primary characteristic of appendicitis?
What does the term 'abduction' refer to in body movement terminologies?
What does the term 'abduction' refer to in body movement terminologies?
Which term describes the bending of a joint?
Which term describes the bending of a joint?
What does 'medial' refer to in anatomical terms?
What does 'medial' refer to in anatomical terms?
Which movement is described as 'inversion'?
Which movement is described as 'inversion'?
Which term indicates movement away from the center of the body?
Which term indicates movement away from the center of the body?
What classification defines an infection acquired while in a healthcare facility?
What classification defines an infection acquired while in a healthcare facility?
Which type of infection is characterized by being of unknown cause?
Which type of infection is characterized by being of unknown cause?
What is classified as a hypertensive reading?
What is classified as a hypertensive reading?
Which pressure reading indicates hypotension?
Which pressure reading indicates hypotension?
What is the primary purpose of surgical asepsis?
What is the primary purpose of surgical asepsis?
What is a common practice in medical asepsis?
What is a common practice in medical asepsis?
Which instruments are primarily used to measure blood pressure?
Which instruments are primarily used to measure blood pressure?
What controls the respiration rate in the human body?
What controls the respiration rate in the human body?
Which cleaning method involves the destruction of pathogens through chemical materials?
Which cleaning method involves the destruction of pathogens through chemical materials?
What is the normal respiratory rate range for adults?
What is the normal respiratory rate range for adults?
What does the diastolic blood pressure reading represent?
What does the diastolic blood pressure reading represent?
Which term refers to the state of soiling or making an object inferior through contact or mixture?
Which term refers to the state of soiling or making an object inferior through contact or mixture?
What is the normal pulse rate range for adults?
What is the normal pulse rate range for adults?
What is the primary characteristic of a peptic ulcer?
What is the primary characteristic of a peptic ulcer?
What can cause a bowel obstruction due to mechanical factors?
What can cause a bowel obstruction due to mechanical factors?
Which condition involves the infection of diverticula and potential bleeding?
Which condition involves the infection of diverticula and potential bleeding?
What is a common outcome of bowel adhesions following abdominal surgery?
What is a common outcome of bowel adhesions following abdominal surgery?
What defines a bezoar within the digestive system?
What defines a bezoar within the digestive system?
Which type of hernia is characterized by a weakness in the abdominal wall, allowing intestines to protrude?
Which type of hernia is characterized by a weakness in the abdominal wall, allowing intestines to protrude?
What complication can arise from a volvulus?
What complication can arise from a volvulus?
What is the result of mechanical bowel obstruction?
What is the result of mechanical bowel obstruction?
What medical condition may develop from chronic inflammation in the bowel?
What medical condition may develop from chronic inflammation in the bowel?
Hepatic cysts are often discovered through which method?
Hepatic cysts are often discovered through which method?
What does an increase in BUN levels indicate?
What does an increase in BUN levels indicate?
Which of the following statements best defines malpractice?
Which of the following statements best defines malpractice?
Which element is NOT required to establish negligence?
Which element is NOT required to establish negligence?
What does the term 'informed consent' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'informed consent' primarily refer to?
What is generally considered a first-degree murder?
What is generally considered a first-degree murder?
In the context of patient care, what does the term 'assault' mean?
In the context of patient care, what does the term 'assault' mean?
What kind of law does the Good Samaritan Act pertain to?
What kind of law does the Good Samaritan Act pertain to?
What is defined as an act or omission that leads to harm in professional practice?
What is defined as an act or omission that leads to harm in professional practice?
What is true regarding 'mala in se' acts?
What is true regarding 'mala in se' acts?
In legal terminology, what does the term 'plaintiff' refer to?
In legal terminology, what does the term 'plaintiff' refer to?
Which of the following best describes 'due process'?
Which of the following best describes 'due process'?
What does 'tort' refer to in legal terms?
What does 'tort' refer to in legal terms?
Which legal document requires a person to attend court?
Which legal document requires a person to attend court?
What does 'holographic will' refer to?
What does 'holographic will' refer to?
What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure?
What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure?
Which instrument is primarily used to measure blood pressure?
Which instrument is primarily used to measure blood pressure?
What condition is indicated by a systolic blood pressure reading above 140 mmHG?
What condition is indicated by a systolic blood pressure reading above 140 mmHG?
What happens to the blood pressure when body metabolic activity increases?
What happens to the blood pressure when body metabolic activity increases?
Which part of the body primarily controls respiration rate?
Which part of the body primarily controls respiration rate?
What is the primary way in which pathogens are transmitted through indirect contact?
What is the primary way in which pathogens are transmitted through indirect contact?
What describes the process of active immunity in relation to vaccinations?
What describes the process of active immunity in relation to vaccinations?
What is the definition of passive immunity?
What is the definition of passive immunity?
Which statement is true about autoimmune diseases?
Which statement is true about autoimmune diseases?
What is the latent period in the context of infection?
What is the latent period in the context of infection?
What condition involves a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, restricting blood flow to the pulmonary arteries?
What condition involves a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, restricting blood flow to the pulmonary arteries?
Which type of hemorrhage involves bleeding outside the brain but within the skull?
Which type of hemorrhage involves bleeding outside the brain but within the skull?
What is a common consequence of hydrocephalus characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
What is a common consequence of hydrocephalus characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
Which defect in Tetralogy of Fallot allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle?
Which defect in Tetralogy of Fallot allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle?
Which type of infection is defined as occurring while a person is in a healthcare facility?
Which type of infection is defined as occurring while a person is in a healthcare facility?
What type of intracranial bleeding is often caused by trauma to the temporal bone?
What type of intracranial bleeding is often caused by trauma to the temporal bone?
What is the key difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
What is the key difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
Which of the following is a consequence of right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is a consequence of right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which antiseptic method is commonly used to stop the growth of microorganisms?
Which antiseptic method is commonly used to stop the growth of microorganisms?
What is the normal adult respiration rate range in breaths per minute?
What is the normal adult respiration rate range in breaths per minute?
What is a characteristic feature of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
What is a characteristic feature of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Which anatomical feature is associated with the presentation of hydrocephalus?
Which anatomical feature is associated with the presentation of hydrocephalus?
What does disinfection of medical instruments typically involve?
What does disinfection of medical instruments typically involve?
Which term refers to an infection that has no identifiable cause?
Which term refers to an infection that has no identifiable cause?
Which statement about acute infections is true?
Which statement about acute infections is true?
What is a primary focus of controlling infections in healthcare settings?
What is a primary focus of controlling infections in healthcare settings?
What congenital defect is characterized by the misplacement of a kidney within the body?
What congenital defect is characterized by the misplacement of a kidney within the body?
Which condition is commonly indicated by the presence of a kidney stone?
Which condition is commonly indicated by the presence of a kidney stone?
What abnormality results in the backward flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter?
What abnormality results in the backward flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter?
Which condition is characterized by a malignant tumor of the kidneys with potential metastasis?
Which condition is characterized by a malignant tumor of the kidneys with potential metastasis?
What condition is associated with abnormal protrusion of the stomach into the thorax?
What condition is associated with abnormal protrusion of the stomach into the thorax?
Which condition can present with a 'ratty' radiographic appearance on a Barium swallow?
Which condition can present with a 'ratty' radiographic appearance on a Barium swallow?
What is a common cause of dysphagia and halitosis related to esophageal conditions?
What is a common cause of dysphagia and halitosis related to esophageal conditions?
Which of the following conditions is a congenital abdominal neoplasm of infancy?
Which of the following conditions is a congenital abdominal neoplasm of infancy?
How can ureteral diverticula potentially complicate urinary health?
How can ureteral diverticula potentially complicate urinary health?
What is a phlebolith, and where is it typically found?
What is a phlebolith, and where is it typically found?
Study Notes
End of Life Care
- Living Will: A document detailing a person's wishes regarding future medical care.
- Directive to Physician: Appoints a physician to act as a proxy on a prescribed form.
- Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC): Appoints a person other than the physician to make healthcare decisions if the patient is unable to do so.
Moving Heavy Objects
- Avoid bending from the waist.
- Pull rather than push.
- When assisting a patient to move:
- Balance the weight over your feet
- Stand close to the patient
- Use your arms and legs
- Avoid twisting
- Ensure the floor area is clear of obstacles.
Patient Transfer
- Always assist the patient to transfer towards their strong side.
- When transferring from a table to a wheelchair:
- Place the wheelchair close and parallel to the table.
- For stroke patients:
- Position yourself on the patient's weak side and the patient with their strong side adjacent to the bed.
- For patients with a urinary catheter:
- Hold the urine collection bag below the level of the patient's bladder.
- Logrolling:
- A method of transferring patients with spinal injury or metastatic disease
Vital Signs
- Temperature: Represents the physiological balance between heat produced in the body and heat lost to the environment.
- Acute: Localized in a specific part of the body
- Chronic: Long-term
Temperature Measurement Methods
- Tympanic: Used for ear temperature
- Axillary: Safest method (36.4 to 36.7°C)
- Rectal: Most accurate and reliable (37.5°C)
- Oral: Most accessible (37°C)
Pulse
- Measurement of the heart rate, or the number of heart beats per minute.
- Wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
- Controlled by the Medulla Oblongata.
Pulse Types
- Central: Apical pulse
- Peripheral: Radial, ulnar, temporal, carotid, brachial, dorsalis pedis, popliteal, femoral, posterior tibial
Apical Pulse
- Located at the midclavicular line, at the sternal notch.
Radial/Ulnar Pulse
- Located on the wrist, most accessible
Temporal Pulse
- Located laterally, second most accessible
Carotid Pulse
- Located on the carotid artery, primary site for adults and children during CPR.
Brachial Pulse
- Located medially in the antecubital space.
Dorsalis Pedis Pulse
- Located lateral to the extensor of the hallux longus.
Popliteal Pulse
- Located above the knee
Femoral Pulse
- Located in the groin, not commonly used for leg circulation.
Posterior Tibial Pulse
- Located behind the medial malleolus
Blood Pressure
- Systolic blood pressure: Measures the pressure exerted on the arterial walls during ventricular contraction.
Microorganisms
- Tiny organisms such as viruses, protozoa, or bacteria that can only be seen under a microscope.
- Bacteria: One-celled organisms without a typical nucleus, contain DNA and RNA.
- Fungi: Exist in two forms, yeast and molds.
- Require moisture and are found in complete darkness.
- Reproduce by budding or spore formation.
- Protozoa: Often parasitic and able to move from place to place by pseudopod formation, flagella, or cilia.
- Viruses: Known to produce disease in humans.
Disease Transmission
- Vehicle: Food, water, drugs, or blood contaminated with infectious microorganisms.
- Vectors: Insects or animals carriers of disease by means of stinging or biting.
- Examples: Malaria, deer tick, lyme disease.
Body Defense Against Disease
- Antigens: Foreign or unrecognizable organic substances that invade the body and induce it to produce antibodies.
- Antibodies/Immunoglobulins: Protein substances produced by a particular WBC or, more specifically, B-cells.
Anatomical Landmarks
- Gonion (Axis): C2-C3 vertebrae
- Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple): C5 vertebrae
- Vertebra prominens: C7 vertebrae
- T1: 2 inches superior to the sternal notch
- Manubrial or suprasternal notch, superior margin of scapula: T2-T3 vertebrae
- Sternal angle: T4-T5 vertebrae
- Inferior angle of scapula: T7 vertebrae
- Xiphoid process: T9-T10 vertebrae
- Xiphoid tip: T10 vertebrae
- Lower costal margin: L3 vertebrae
- Level of umbilicus: L3-L4 vertebrae
- Most superior aspect of iliac crest: L4 vertebrae
- ASIS: S1 vertebrae
- Pubic symphysis & greater trochanter: C vertebrae
Anatomical Processes
- Condyle: Rounded process at an articular extremity
- Coracoid: Beak-like process
- Coronoid: Crown-like process
- Crest: Ridge-like process
- Epicondyle: Projection above a condyle
- Facet: Small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation
- Trochanter: Large, rounded, and elevated process
- Tubercle: Small, rounded, and elevated process
- Tuberosity: Large, rounded and elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur
Anatomical Depressions
- Fissure: Cleft or deep groove
- Foramen: Hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerve
- Notch: Indentation into the border of a bone
- Sinus: Recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space
- Sulcus: Furrow, trench, or fissure-like depressions
Body Positions
- Dorsal or Supine: Lying flat on back with knees straight and arms at sides
- Prone: Lying flat on stomach with knees straight, arms can either be under head or at sides
- Dorsal recumbent: Lying on back with knees bent and feet flat on the examination table
- Lateral: On the side with the top leg over the bottom
- Sims’: Lies between supine and prone with legs flexed in front of the patient
- Fowler’s: Head and torso elevated 15° to 90°
- Trendelenburg: Head and torso is lower than the heart
- Reverse Trendelenburg: Head and torso is higher than the heart
- Lithotomy: Laying on back with knees bent, thighs apart, and the feet in stirrups. Also known as Obstruction of the normal blood flow to an organ or structure.
Medical Terms
- Hemoptysis: Coughing of blood
- Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood
- Hernia: Protrudes
- Ileus: Obstruction
- Polyps: Inward pouching
- Reflux: Abnormal flow
- Rickets: Disease of the skeletal system
- Sepsis: Blood infection
- Spur: Bony projection growing out of a bone
- Stenosis: Narrowing
- Infarct: Loss of blood supply to an organ or structure will cause the surrounding tissue to die.
- Collateral circulation: Body’s natural defense against ischemia
- Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Caused by infact
- Bezoar: Hard mass of entangled material found within the stomach or intestines that cannot be digested.
- Bowel Obstruction:
- Adynamic/Paralytic: Caused by reduction in the normal peristaltic action of the intestine.
- Mechanical: Caused by motility disorder that results from some type of structural abnormality.
- Inguinal hernia: When the inguinal ring compromised thus allowing a portion of the bowel to rupture through the abdominal wall.
- Bowel Adhesions: Inevitable outcome of abdominal surgery.
- Volvulus: Loop of intestine that has twisted around itself causing either a partial or complete obstruction.
- Intussusception: When a section of bowel is constricted by peristalsis causing it to prolapse.
- Adenocarcinoma: Type of neoplasm that originates in glandular tissue and can be a cause of bowel obstruction.
- Regional Enteritis/Crohn’s Disease: Chronic inflammation of the bowel. Characterized by abdominal cramping, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss/gain, and vomiting.
- Diverticulitis: Diverticulum become infected and bleeds. Often caused by entrapment of chyme or feces within the diverticulum.
- Appendicitis: Result of feces within the appendix and the presence of appendicolith.
- Hepatic Cysts: Benign, thin-walled sac that may be either empty or full of fluid.
- Hepatic Hemangioma: Most common benign tumor of the liver.
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Rare primary liver cancer that is also known as hepatoma.
- Liver Mets: Liver is a common site for most any cancer mets.
- Osteoporosis: Reduction in bone mass which makes the bones more susceptible to fracture formation.
Medical Procedures
- Barium Enema: Used to evaluate the lower gastrointestinal tract for obstruction, polyps, and other abnormalities.
- DEXA Scan: Bone mineral density scan used to diagnose osteoporosis.
Stages of Dying (Kubler-Ross, 1969)
- Denial: Not accepting the truth, believing that diagnosis is somehow wrong.
- Anger: May become angry preceding death or disfigurement.
- Bargaining: If he/she becomes good and submissive, they may be spared or cured.
- Depression: Accepts the impending loss and begins to mourn for his or her past life. Acquiscent, quiet, withdrawn, and may cry easily.
Rules in Moving Heavy Objects
- Do not bend from your waist
- Pull rather than push
- Stand close to the patient
- Balance the weight over your feet
- Use your arms and legs
- Do not twist
- Keep floor area free from all objects
Patient Transfers
- Always help the patient transfer toward the strong side
- Table to wheelchair: Place wheelchair close and parallel to the table
- Stroke patient: Position yourself on the px weak side, position the patient with the strong side adjacent to the bed
- Patient with a urinary catheter: Hold urine collection bags below the level of the patient’s bladder
- Logrolling: Method of transferring patients with spinal injury or metastatic disease
Four Cardinal/Vital Signs
- Temperature
- Pulse
- Respiration
- Blood Pressure
- Pain (considered as 5th vital sign)
Body Temperature
- Physiologic balance between heat produced in body tissues and heat lost environment
- Controlled by the hypothalamus.
Types of Thermometers
- Tympanic: Aural thermometer
- Axillary: Safest method (36.4 to 36.7c)
- Rectal: Most accurate and reliable (37.5c)
- Oral: Most accessible (37c)
Pulse Rate
- Measurement of the heart rate, or the number of heart beats per minute.
- Wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
- Controlled by the Medulla Oblongata
Types of Pulses:
- Central
- Peripheral
Central Pulse
- Apical Pulse: Location at midclavicular line, at sternal notch
Peripheral Pulses:
- Radial/Ulnar: Wrist, most accessible
- Temporal: Lateral, 2nd most accessible
- Carotid Neck: Carotid artery, primary site for adult and children during CPR.
- Brachial: Medial, antecubital space.
- Dorsalis Pedis: Lateral to the extensor of hallucis longus.
- Popliteal: Above the knee
- Femoral groin: Not commonly used, leg circulation
- Posterior Tibial: Back of the medial malleolus.
Blood Pressure
- Systolic blood pressure: Describes the amount of pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries when the ventricles contract.
Advance Directives
- Living Will: Patient wishes concerning their future medical care
- Directive to physician: A physician is appointed by a person to serve as his proxy on a prescribed form.
- Durable power of attorney for health care (DPAHC): Appoints a person other than the physician to act as the patient’s agent and make health care decisions if the patient is unable to do so.
Cardinal Principles & Adult Normal Ranges
- Normal blood pressure range: 110-140 mmHg/60-80 mmHg
- Normal pulse rate range: 60-100 bpm
- Infant pulse rate: 120 bpm
- 4 to 10 years old pulse rate: 90-100 bpm
- Normal temperature range: 97.7F to 99.9F or 36.5c to 37.5c
- Normal respiration rate range: 12/15-20 breaths/min
- Child respiration rate: 20 to 30/30 to 60 breaths/min
Types of Infection
- Origin:
- Idiopathic: Unknown cause
- Community-acquired: Person enters a healthcare facility
- Nosocomial: While in the institution
- Iatrogenic: Physician intervention or by medical procedure/treatment
- Duration:
- Acute: Short term
Infection Control
- Cleanliness: Avoid transmitting organisms by using proper cleaning equipment and techniques
- Contamination: Soiling or making inferior by contact or mixture
- Antiseptics: Used to stop the growth of microorganisms
- Disinfection: Involves the destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials
- Example disinfectants: Hypochlorite bleach and Lysol
- Medical Asepsis: Deals with reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual
- Example: Handwashing technique
- Surgical Asepsis: Procedures to eliminate any microorganisms; sterile technique
- Example: RADPATHOLOGY
Common Pathology or Pathological Disease
- Pathology: Study of disease and how it impacts the human body
- Iatrogenic: Results from medical treatment
- Nosocomial infection: Acquired from a healthcare environment
- Pathogenesis: Study of the origin and development of disease
- Sign: Observable by the healthcare worker
- Symptom: Patient’s perception
- Syndrome: Group of signs and symptoms that characterize the disturbance
- Etiology: Study of the cause and origin of disease
- Idiopathic: Refers to the fact that there may be no real cause for the disease
Inflammation
- Body’s ability to wall-off and sequester an injurious agent
- Hyperemia: Process of dilating capillaries to allow fluids and leucocytes to infiltrate the infected area
- Leucocytes: Will act to remove cellular debris through a process known as phagocytosis
- Abscess: Inflammatory reaction causes the injurious agent to become a walled-off ball of pus
- Ulcers: Type of inflammatory reaction that is a result of a healing wound that is located on the skin or a mucous membrane
- Cellulitis: Acute bacterial infection of the skin and is a third example of an inflammatory reaction
Edema
- Abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities or intercellular spaces
- Ascites: Edema of the peritoneal cavity
Ischemia
- Obstruction of the normal blood flow to an organ or structure
- Results from either narrowing of blood vessels from plaque formation or as the result of a thrombic occlusion
- Collateral circulation: Body’s natural defense against ischemia
Infarct
- Loss of blood supply to an organ or structure will cause the surrounding tissue to die
- Diseases that may be caused by an infarct or may result in an infarct:
- Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
- Pulmonary Embolus
- Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
- Hernia (Mechanical Obstruction)
- Volvulus (Mechanical Obstruction)
Hemorrhage
- Loss of blood from the circulatory system (bleeding)
- Hematoma: Result of a break in a blood vessel that causes a pooling of blood below the surface of the structure
Aplasia
- Inability of an organ or structure to form properly
- Defective development can result in the partial or complete loss of an organ
Atrophy
- Shrinking or decrease in size
- Hypertrophy: Abnormal increase in cell size. Also known as Hyoergenesis, and hyperplasia
Neoplasm
- Abnormal proliferation of foreign cells that form a mass of tissue within an organ or structure (mass or tumor)
- Oncology: The study of neoplasm
- Benign neoplasm: Self-limited and will not spread or mets
- Malignant Neoplasm (cancer): Possess the ability to spread to distant sites in the body
- Carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma: Type of cancer will arise from epithelial cells or tissues such as breast, colon, or pancreas
- Sarcoma: Highly malignant cancer of soft tissue or connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat
- Lymphoma: Originates in lymphatic tissues and affects the production of lymphocytes (wbc)
- Leukemia: Cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissue
Osteoporosis
- Reduction in bone mass which makes susceptible to fracture formation
- Prone to hip fractures, compression fractures of vertebral bodies, and Colles’ fracture of the wrist
- Uses DEXA scan (bone mineral density scan)
- Factors involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis:
- Most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system
Ectopic Kidneys
- Congenital defect where the kidney is located in an abnormal position within the body
Renal calculi
- Presence of a kidney stone is the most common indication for an IVP
- Kidney stone
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
- Abnormal flow of the urine from the bladder back into the ureter
- Underlying cause of a urinary track infection in one third of all children
Renal cell carcinoma
- Most malignancy of the kidneys
- Propensity to metastasize to the lungs, brain, liver, and bone
Wilm’s tumor
- Neproblastoma
- Most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and early childhood
- Possess a large, palpable abdominal mass
- Propensity to metastasize to the lungs, liver, and skeletal system
Ureteral Diverticula
- Outpouching of the ureter
- May be a source of future infections or may, in some instances, trap kidney stones
Bladder Diverticula
- Caused by an enlarged prostate or the result of a chronic bladder infection
Phleboliths
- Small calcified valve within a vein that surrounds the urinary bladder
- Sometimes mistaken for kidney or bladder stone
Intussusception
- When a section of bowel is constricted by peristalsis causing it to prolapse
- Cause of approximately 1% of all adult bowel obstruction and commonly affects the ileocecal valve
Zenker´s Diverticulum
- Outpouching of the posterior wall of the upper esophagus in the pharynx
- Can cause dysphagia and halitosis
Hiatal Hernia
- Portion of the stomach protrudes (herniates) into the thorax through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
- Most common findings on an UGIS
- Sliding hernia
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- Heartburn or acid reflux
- Backward flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
- Commonly associated with Hiatal hernia
Esophageal Varices
- Dilated, tortuous veins of the esophagus which may rupture
- Commonly a result of portal hypertension and/or liver cirrhosis
Esophagus Cancer/Esophageal Carcinoma
- Presents with a very “ratty” radiographic appearance on a Barium swallow
- Represents 2% of all cancers and there is a high incidence in smokers and alcoholics
Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Describes ulcers of the stomach and duodenum
- Causes include aspirin, steroids, spicy foods, stress, and it can be the result of a bacterial infection.
- Bird beak appearance
Hepatic Hemangioma
- Most common benign tumor of the liver
- Consist of dilated blood vessels that create pools or lakes of blood within the liver
- MRI modality of choice
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Rare primary liver cancer that is also known as hepatoma
- MRI method of choice. CT and UTZ are often employed as well
Liver Mets
- Liver is a common site for most any cancer mets
- Partial list of cancers that like to spread to the liver:
- Breast Ca
- Colon Ca
- Malignant Melanoma
- Ovarian cancer
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice
Orbital blow-out fracture
- Floor of the eye socket may involve the orbital floor, wall, or roof
- Following blunt trauma to the eye
Colles’ Fx
- Fx is most often caused when an individual falls backward onto a hard surface and brace themselves with an open hand
- Fx of the distal radius, and ulnar styloid with posterior displacement
Comminuted Fx
- Fx with shattered bones or crushed bones (fragments)
Compound Fx
- Open fx or fx with open skin wound where the bone is exposed
### Cardnial Principles of Adult Normal Range
- Blood pressure: 110-140 mmHG/60-80mmHG
- Pulse rate: 60-100 bpm
- Infant: 120bpm
- 4 to 10 yrs old: 90-100bpm
- Temperature: 97.7F to 99.9F or 36.5c to 37.5c
- Respiration rate: 12/15-20 breaths/min
- Children: 20 to 30/30 to 60 breaths/min
Types of Infection
- Origin
- Idiopathic: Unknown cause
- Community acquired: Person enters a health care facility
- Nosocomial: While in the institution
- Iatrogenic: Physician intervention or by medical procedure/treatment
- Duration
- Acute: Short term
Control of Infection
- Cleanliness: Avoid transmitting organisms by using proper cleaning equipment and techniques
- Contamination: Soiling or making inferior by contact or mixture
- Antiseptics: Used to stop the growth of microorganisims
- Disinfection: Involves destruction pathogen by using chemical materials
- Hypochlorite bleach and Lysol
- Medical Asepsis: Deals with reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual
- Ex. Handwashing technique
- Surgical Asepsis: Procedures to eliminate any microorganisms; sterile technique
- Ex.CLUSTER IV
Body Movement Terminologies
- Abduction: Movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
- Adduction: Movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body parts
- Extension: Straightening of a joint; normal position of joint.
- Flexion: Act of bending a joint; the opposite of extension.
- Hyperextension: Forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints
- Hyperflexion: Forced over flexion of a limb or joints.
- Eversion: Outward turning of the foot at the ankle.
- Inversion: Inward turning of the foot at the ankle.
- Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down.
Chronic Disease
- Gastric ulcers: Very rare and may be a complication of gastric carcinoma.
Bowel Obstruction
- Adynamic / Parlytic : Caused by a reduction of normal peristaltic action of the intestine
- Mechanical: Caused by motility disorder that results from some type of structural abnormality (tumor)
Hernia
- Obstruction caused by a weakening of the abdominal wall that allows a portion of the small and large intestine to protrude
- Inguinal hernia: When the inguinal ring is compromised, thus allowing a portion of the bowel to rupture through the abdominal wall
Bowel Adhesions
- Inevitable outcome of abdominal surgery
- Can lead to abdominal pain, infertility, and bowel obstruction
- Can cause a twisting of the bowel (volvulus) and loss of blood supply to the affected area
- Volvulus: Loop of intestine that has twisted around itself causing either a partial or complete obstruction.
Bezoar
- Hard mass of entangled material found within the stomach or intestines that cannot be digested
Adenocarcinoma
- Type of neoplasm that originates in glandular tissue and can cause a bowel obstruction
Regional Enteritis / Crohn's Disease
- Mechanical bowel obstruction
- Chronic inflammation of the bowel
- Characterized by abdominal cramping, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss/gain, and vomiting
- Fistulas may form
Diverticulitis
- Diverticulum become infected and bleeds
- Often caused by entrapment of chyme or feces within the diverticulum
Appendicitis
- Result of feces within the appendix and the presence of appendicolith
Hepatobiliary System
- Liver
Hepatic Cysts
- Benign, thin-walled sac that may be either empty or full of fluid
- Located within the liver or its external surface
- Usually incidental findings on ultrasounds, CT scans and/or MRI scans of the abdomen
Blood Pressure
- Systolic blood pressure: Reading during pressure during contraction of the heart
- Normal range: 110 to 140 mmHG
- Diastolic blood pressure: Reading during relaxation
- Normal range: 60 to 90 mmHG
- Hypertension reading: Above 140mmHG systolic pressure
- Hypotension reading: Lower than 90mmhG systolic pressure
- Stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer are used together to measure BP
- Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata
Respiration Rate
- Number of breaths a person takes per minute
- Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata
- Ventilation: Act of breathing
- Respiration: Exchange of gas
Chain of Infection
- Infectious Agent (Pathogens)
- Infiltrates another living thing
- Organism that can cause a disease
- Reservoir: Temporary environment for pathogens
- Portal of Exit: Might be the nose, mouth, urinary tract, intestine, or an open wound
- Means of transmission: Modes of transmission
- Portal of Entry: New host can be infected through inhalation, injection, etc., except fecal or oral route
### Systematic
- Blood/Lymph
Cardinal Principles - Adult Normal Ranges
- Blood Pressure: 110-140 mmHG/60-80mmHG
- Pulse Rate: 60-100 bpm
- Infant: 120bpm
- 4 to 10 yrs old: 90-100bpm
- Temperature: 97.7F to 99.9F or 36.5c to 37.5c
- Respiration Rate: 12/15-20 breaths/min
- Children: 20 to 30/30 to 60 breaths/min
Types of Infection
- Origin
- Idiopathic: Unknown cause
- Community Acquired: Person enters a health care facility
- Nosocomial: While in the institution
- Iatrogenic: Physician intervention or medical procedure/treatment
- Duration
- Acute: Short term
Control of Infection
- Cleanliness
- Avoid transmitting organisms by using proper cleaning equipment and techniques
- Contamination
- Soiling or making inferior by contact or mixture
- Antiseptics
- Used to stop the growth of microorganisms
- Disinfection
- Involves destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials
- Hypochlorite bleach and Lysol
- Involves destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials
- Medical Asepsis
- Deals with reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual
- Ex. Handwashing technique
- Deals with reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual
- Surgical Asepsis
- Procedures to eliminate any microorganisms; sterile technique
- Ex. Considered warning sign for a larger stroke
- Procedures to eliminate any microorganisms; sterile technique
Tetralogy of Fallot
- Rare congenital heart defect that presents at birth
- Boot-shaped radiographic appearance
- 4 Defects
- Pulmonary Stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve restricts the flow of blood into the pulmonary arteries
- Right Ventricular Hypertrophy: Has to work harder (hyper) to pump blood and enlarges due to pulmonary stenosis
- Ventricular Septal Defect: Hole located between ventricles, allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle instead of into the aorta
- Overriding aorta
Nervous System
Hydrocephalus
- Excess CSF within the ventricles of the brain
- Increased intracranial pressure, enlarged heads, and possible brain damage
Intracranial Hemorrhage
- Escape of blood from an artery or vein
- Three Types of Intracranial Hemorrhage
- Intracerebral/Parenchymal: Loss of blood within the cerebrum
- Subarachnoid: Bleeding into the ventricles of the brain
- Extracerebral: Bleeding outside of the brain but within the skull. Trauma is often the etiology
Subdural Hematoma
- Leaking of subdural veins into the space found between the dura mater or the dura mater (outmost covering) and the arachnoid mater (middle layer of meninges)
Epidural Hematoma
- Caused by the buildup of blood between the dura and the skull. Often caused by trauma to the temporal bone that damages the middle meningeal artery.
Ectopic Kidneys
- Most common congenital anomaly of the urinary system.
- Congenital defect where the kidney is located in an abnormal position within the body
Renal Calculi
- Presence of a kidney stone is the most common indication for an IVP
- Kidney stone
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
- Abnormal flow of the urine from the bladder back into the ureter
- Underlying cause of a urinary tract infection in one third of all children
Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Most malignancy of the kidneys
- Propensity to metastasize to the lungs, brain, liver, and bone
Wilm’s Tumor
- Neproblastoma
- Most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and early childhood
- Possesses a large, palpable abdominal mass
- Propensity to metastasize to the lungs, liver, and skeletal system
Ureteral Diverticula
- Outpouching of the ureter
- May be a source of future infections or, in some instances, trap kidney stones.
Bladder Diverticula
- Caused by an enlarged prostate or the result of a chronic bladder infection
Phleboliths
- Small calcified valve within a vein that surrounds the urinary bladder
- Sometimes mistaken for kidney or bladder stones
Gastrointestinal System
Zenker’s Diverticulum
- Outpouching of the posterior wall of the upper esophagus in the pharynx
- Can cause dysphagia and halitosis
Hiatal Hernia
- Portion of the stomach protrudes (herniates) into the thorax through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
- Most common findings on an UGIS
- Sliding hernia
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Heartburn or acid reflux
- Backward flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
- Commonly associated with Hiatal hernia
Esophageal Varices
- Dilated, tortuous veins of the esophagus which may rupture
- Commonly a result of portal hypertension and/or liver cirrhosis
Esophagus Cancer/Esophageal Carcinoma
- Presents with a very “ratty” radiographic appearance on a Barium swallow
- Represents 2% of all cancers and there is a high incidence in smokers and alcoholics
Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Describes ulcers of the stomach and duodenum
- Causes include aspirin, steroids, spicy foods, stress, and it can be the result of a bacterial infection
Blood Pressure
- Systolic blood pressure – Pressure during contraction of the heart
- Normal range – 110 to 140 mmHG
- Diastolic blood pressure – Reading during relaxation
- Normal range – 60 to 90 mmHG
- Hypertension reading – above 140mmHG systolic pressure
- Hypotension reading – Lower than 90mmhG systolic pressure
- Stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer are used together to measure BP
- Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata
Respiration Rate
- Number of breaths a person takes per minute
- Controlled by: Medulla Oblongata
- Ventilation – Act of breathing
- Respiration – exchange of gas
Mode of Transmissions
- Reservoir - Site where an infectious organism can remain alive and from which transmission can occur
- Direct Contact - Hand, kissing
- Indirect Contact - transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching inanimate objects such as doorknobs (fomites)
- Droplet - With diseases that can travel 3-5 feet and not via airborne route transmitted via large droplets expelled from the px while speaking, sneezing, or coughing
- Rubella, Mumps, and Influenza
- Airborne - Residue from evaporated droplets and is suspended in air for long periods of time.
Chain of Infection
- Infectious Agent (Pathogens)
- Infiltrates another living thing
- Organisms that can cause a disease
- Reservoir - Temporary environment for pathogens
- Portal of Exit - Might be the nose, mouth, urinary tract, intestine, or an open wound
- Means of Transmission - Modes of transmission
- React against specific antigens to produce immunity to further infection by a particular antigen
- Active Immunity - Vaccination with dead or weakened strains of the infection microorganism or their products also effects immunity
- Passive Immunity - Acquired by injection of antibodies of a particular infection into an individual
- Autoimmune Diseases - Antibodies function as antigens and produce diseases, occurs when a substance identical to one’s own tissues stimulate antibody production
Process of Infection
- Latent Period - Pathogen enters the body and lies dormant, dormant period ends
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Description
Test your knowledge on medical asepsis, normal vital signs, and common medical conditions. This quiz covers essential topics including blood pressure ranges, pulse rates, and different types of infections. Challenge yourself with these questions to enhance your understanding of health and safety in medical settings.
