BM402: Engineering in Medicine (10th October 2024) PDF

BM402: ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE 10th October 2024 M 2170 – South Campus TENTATIVE COURSE OUTLINE 􀀀 Introduction to Engineering in Medicine 􀀀 Human Anatomy and Physiology 􀀀 Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing: E.g., Sensors, medical devices (e.g., E...

BM402: ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE 10th October 2024 M 2170 – South Campus TENTATIVE COURSE OUTLINE 􀀀 Introduction to Engineering in Medicine 􀀀 Human Anatomy and Physiology 􀀀 Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing: E.g., Sensors, medical devices (e.g., EEG, ECG, pulse oximeters) 􀀀 Medical Imaging I – Introduction to Imaging Modalities (e.g., Xray, CT, PET) 􀀀 Medical Imaging II – MRI and Multimodal Imaging (e.g., EEG-fMRI, PET-MRI) 􀀀 Rehabilitation Technologies and Neurofeedback 􀀀 Midterm TODAY’S SCHEDULE Classification of animals/brains Anatomy of the brain Brain function and physiology Measures of physiology CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS (BRAINS) Invertebrates & vertebrates (without and with backbone) Invertebrates All animals have to respond to changes in their internal and external environment in order to survive. To do this, they have evolved cells that are sensitive to stimuli such as light and sound. The sensory cells are, in turn, connected to other cells that can move the organism or change its state in response to the stimulus. In invertebrates, such as worms, the nervous system is distributed throughout the creature’s body, as a loose network of reactive fibers. Some of these networks contain small masses of nerves, known as ganglia. INVERTEBRATE BRAIN PRIMITIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM The simplest system, as seen in this hydra (a tiny aquatic invertebrate), consists of a loose network of sensory cells with clumps of interconnected cells called ganglia. Ganglia INVERTEBRATE BRAIN PRIMITIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM EARTHWORM BRAIN The simplest system, as seen in this hydra (a The earthworm has a crude brain, the tiny aquatic invertebrate), consists of a loose cerebral ganglion, which is connected network of sensory cells with clumps of to a cord of nervous tissue (the ventral interconnected cells called ganglia. nerve cord) that runs the length of its body. Nerve fibers from the cord extend into each segment, so muscle contraction along the body can be coordinated to produce movement Ganglia in response to stimuli. VERTEBRATE BRAIN Through the course of evolution, the brain has undergone considerable changes. Compared to the primitive nervous systems of invertebrates, the brain of vertebrates is a well-developed, highly interconnected organ. The central nervous system is connected to the rest of the body by a peripheral nervous system that includes the fibers running to and from the sensory organs. The basic vertebrate brain—also sometimes referred to as the “reptilian brain”— consists of the cluster of nuclei that lies just above the brainstem in humans. They include the The cerebellum, which means “little modules that produce arousal, sensation, and reaction to brain,” is a part of the brain involved in stimuli. coordinating movement and balance. This basic vertebrate brain does not include more advanced Regulates growth, metabolism, and features, such as the limbic system or cerebral cortex, which reproduction through the hormones that it produces. exist only in the brains of mammals. Sense of smell VERTEBRATE BRAIN MAMMAL BRAINS The mammalian brain comprises a cluster of structures that evolved on top of the basic vertebrate brain, known as the limbic system, and a wrinkled covering called the cortex, which interconnects with the limbic structures beneath. The limbic system is the part of the brain that produces emotions. - goes beyond the basic “grab” or “avoid” reactions in the vertebrate brain. The limbic system also contains structures that encode experiences as memories, to be recalled for use in guiding future actions. The emotional and memory faculties greatly increase the range and complexity of behavior that a mammal displays, because it is not governed purely by instinct. MAMMAL BRAINS BRAIN SIZE AND SHAPE One striking aspect of mammalian brain evolution is the development of the cortex. This outer layer has evolved to serve the particular needs of each species, and therefore varies dramatically between one animal and another. A few mammals, such as humans, elephants, and dolphins, have a disproportionately large cortex compared to most mammals. MAMMAL BRAINS BRAIN SIZE AND SHAPE One striking aspect of mammalian brain evolution is the development of the cortex. This outer layer has evolved to serve the particular needs of each species, and therefore varies dramatically between one animal and another. A few mammals, such as humans, elephants, and dolphins, have a disproportionately large cortex compared to most mammals. HOMINID BRAINS The brains of hominids (modern humans and their ancestors) underwent a surge of evolutionary changes that left them, in some ways, distinctly different even from their near relatives, such as chimpanzees and gorillas. The main distinction between human and other mammalian brains is the size and density of the cortex, and particularly of the frontal lobe, which is responsible for complex thought, conscious judgement, and self-reflection. MAMMAL BRAINS The cerebellum, which means “little brain,” is a part of the brain involved in coordinating movement and balance. Regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces. Sense of smell HUMAN BRAIN True or False ? 1. The average brain weighs about 1.4 kg. ? 2. The brain is attached to the skull. ? 3. There are six lobes in each hemisphere. ? 4. The brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid. ? 5. Neurons are the basic brain cells. ? 6. The brain communicates via chemicals. ? 7. Each lobe of the brain has specific functions. HUMAN BRAIN True or False T 1. The average brain weighs about 1.4 kg. F 2. The brain is attached to the skull. F 3. There are six lobes in each hemisphere. T 4. The brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid. T 5. Neurons are the basic brain cells. T 6. The brain communicates via chemicals. T 7. Each lobe of the brain has specific functions. HUMAN BRAIN Brain anatomy is hidden, secret, and more complex than any other part of the body. Controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together, the brain and spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS. Gray and white matter are two different regions of the central nervous system. In the brain, gray matter refers to the darker, outer portion, while white matter describes the lighter, inner section underneath. HUMAN BRAIN Gray and white matter are two different regions of the central nervous system. In the brain, gray matter refers to the darker, outer portion, while white matter describes the lighter, inner section underneath. The central nervous system of the brain is made up of two kinds of tissue: gray matter and white matter. The gray matter contains the cell bodies, dendrites and the axon terminals, where all synapses are. The white matter is made up of axons, which connect different parts of grey matter to each other. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS The brain can be divided into three basic units: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The hindbrain includes the upper part of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and a wrinkled ball of tissue called the cerebellum. The hindbrain controls the body’s vital functions such as respiration and heart rate. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS The brain can be divided into three basic units: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The uppermost part of the brainstem is the midbrain. This small but important structure plays a crucial role in reflex actions, and processing visual and auditory signals. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS The brain can be divided into three basic units: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The forebrain is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain: - contains the entire cerebrum and several structures directly nestled within it - the thalamus, hypothalamus, the pineal gland and the limbic system. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS At a higher level, the brain can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum. Cerebrum The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises gray matter (the cerebral cortex) and white matter at its center. - speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning; other functions related to vision, hearing, touch etc. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS The cerebral cortex is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. It is covered with ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci). - consists of four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Each of these lobes is responsible for processing different types of information. - responsible for the higher-level processes of the human brain, including language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality. FRONTAL LOBE The largest lobe of the brain, located in the front of the head. Some functions of the frontal lobe: Speech and language production: Broca’s area, a region in the frontal lobe, helps put thoughts into words. Damage to this area can lead to difficulty with fluent speech. Some motor skills: The frontal lobe houses the primary motor cortex, which helps control voluntary movements, including walking and running. And more.. Decision-making, problem-solving. Conscious thought. Attention. Emotional and behavioral control. Personality. OCCIPITAL, PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES Occipital lobes: These lobes in the back of your brain allow you to notice and interpret visual information. Your occipital lobes control how you process shapes, colors and movement. OCCIPITAL, PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES Occipital lobes: These lobes in the back of your brain allow you to notice and interpret visual information. Your occipital lobes control how you process shapes, colors and movement. Parietal lobe: The middle part of the brain, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects, integrates many sensory inputs so that you can understand your environment and the state of your body. The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and touch in the body. Temporal lobes: These parts of the brain are near your ears on each side of your brain. The temporal lobes are involved in short-term memory and processing auditory information. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS At a higher level, the brain can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum. Brainstem - connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. - responsible for many vital functions of life. - regulates many automatic body functions. You don’t consciously control these functions, like your heart rate, breathing, sleep and wake cycles, and swallowing. - connects the rest of your brain to your spinal cord. MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS At a higher level, the brain can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum. Cerebellum - maintains your balance, posture, coordination and fine motor skills. It's located in the back of your brain. - While it's very small compared to your brain overall, it holds more than half of the neurons (cells that make up your nervous system) in your whole body. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates. Main functions: - Protection - Nourishment - Waste removal OVERVIEW (10 MINUTES) ? 1. Breathing ? 2. Sensory Integration 1. Brainstem ? 3. Vision 2. Cerebellum ? 4. Judgment 3. Occipital Lobes ? 5. Swallowing 4. Parietal Lobes ? 6. Language 5. Temporal Lobes ? 7. Recognition of Printed Words 6. Frontal Lobes ? 8. Balance ? 9. Control of Emotional Response ? 10. Attention ? 11. Hearing Ability ? 12. Touch Perception ? 13. Coordination ? 14. Memory Acquisition ? 15. Categorization of Objects Brainstem BREAK (10 MINUTES) TENTATIVE COURSE OUTLINE 􀀀 Introduction to Engineering in Medicine 􀀀 Human Anatomy and Physiology 􀀀 Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing: E.g., Sensors, medical devices (e.g., EEG, ECG, pulse oximeters) 􀀀 Medical Imaging I – Introduction to Imaging Modalities (e.g., Xray, CT, PET) 􀀀 Medical Imaging II – MRI and Multimodal Imaging (e.g., EEG-fMRI, PET-MRI) 􀀀 Rehabilitation Technologies and Neurofeedback 􀀀 Midterm Overview on CNS and PNS Central nervous system Central nervous system Brain Cerebrum: higher-level thinking Cerebellum: balance and coordination Brainstem: heart rate and breathing Central nervous system Brain Corpus callosum: large white matter nerve tract, movement control, cognitive functions, and vision. Central nervous system Brain Corpus callosum: large white matter nerve tract, movement control, cognitive functions, and vision. Grey and white matter mostly neuron cell bodies, as well as dendrites, which are the short, branching projections that receive signals from other neurons. Central nervous system Brain Corpus callosum: large white matter nerve tract, movement control, cognitive functions, and vision. Grey and white matter mostly axons that are coated with myelin, a fatty substance that insulates and speeds up the transmission of electrical signals between neurons. Central nervous system Brain Thalamus: mostly grey matter, acts as a relay station between brain and body. Except for olfaction very sensory system has a thalamic nucleus that receives, processes, and sends information to an associated cortical area. Hypothalamus: Central nervous system Brain Thalamus: mostly grey matter, acts as a relay station between brain and body. Except for olfaction very sensory system has a thalamic nucleus that receives, processes, and sends information to an associated cortical area. Hypothalamus: main link between your endocrine system and your nervous system. - produces certain hormones that are stored elsewhere (e.g., Helps manage your: Body temperature, the posterior pituitary). blood pressure, hunger and thirst, mood, - sends signals (hormones) to the pituitary gland, which then sleep etc. releases hormones that directly affect specific body parts. Central nervous system Brain Pituitary gland: Structure: Located at the base of the brain Divided into two main parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary - Anterior pituitary produces and secretes hormones. - Posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Central nervous system Brain Pituitary gland: Function: - Regulates growth, development, and metabolism - Produces and secretes hormones: e.g., growth hormone, and thyroid- stimulating hormone. - Stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus: e.g., oxytocin and vasopressin. Central nervous system Spinal Cord - long, thin, tubular structure that runs from the brainstem to the lower back. It is a vital part of the CNS and plays several important functions, including: - Sensory processing - Motor function - Reflexes - Autonomic functions - Rapid responses to stimuli Central nervous system Spinal Cord - long, thin, tubular structure that runs from the brainstem to the lower back. It is a vital part of the CNS and plays several important functions, including: - Sensory processing - Motor function - Reflexes - Autonomic functions - Rapid responses to stimuli Peripheral nervous system Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system - responsible for carrying sensory information from the body to the CNS and for transmitting motor commands from the CNS to the muscles that control voluntary movements. - includes the sensory neurons that detect stimuli such as touch, pain, and temperature, as well as the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles. Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system "fight or flight" response. When activated, it increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates the airways in order to prepare the body for action. Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system "fight or flight" response. When activated, it causes the release of adrenaline and other stress hormones, which increase heart rate and blood pressure, dilate the pupils. Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system "rest and digest" response. When activated, it slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, and promotes relaxation. Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system "rest and digest" response. When activated, it slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, and promotes relaxation. Nervous system, brain and physiology The brain and nervous system work together to regulate and coordinate physiological processes throughout the body. For example, the hypothalamus in the brain is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Nervous system, brain and physiology The brain and nervous system work together to regulate and coordinate physiological processes throughout the body. For example, the Overall, the nervous hypothalamus in the brain is system, physiology, and responsible for regulating brain are intricately body temperature, hunger, interconnected, with the thirst, and the release of brain playing a crucial role hormones from the pituitary in controlling and gland. coordinating physiological processes throughout the body. Measures of physiology in the concept of engineering in medicine Measures of physiology & devices Data Acquisition Systems Amplifiers and Modules Transducers and Sensors Software Measures of physiology & devices Measures of physiology & devices Measures of physiology & devices Let’s spend 10 minutes on the webpage Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt transducer Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt amplifier transducer Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt Measurement of Respiratory Parameters: respiration rate (breaths per minute) and tidal volume (the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath) Strain Gauge Technology: - The device typically uses strain gauge technology to measure the expansion and contraction of the thorax or abdomen during breathing. - As the chest or abdominal area expands and contracts, the strain gauge detects these changes and converts them into electrical signals. - Non-invasive - Real-time monitoring - Data output and analysis - Can be MR-compatible Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt Normal data – relaxed sitting subject Normal data – talking Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt Normal data – relaxed sitting subject What do you think? Normal data – talking Measures of physiology and devices 2. Pulse Oximetry & Photoplethysmography: - Device: Pulse Oximeter A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume changes from the fingertip. transducer A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. Measures of physiology and devices 2. Pulse Oximetry & Photoplethysmography: - Device: Pulse Oximeter - The light passing through the tissue (finger, ear, or toe) is partially absorbed by the blood's hemoglobin. The photodetector in the oximeter transducer captures the remaining light, producing an electrical signal. - Since the signals generated by the light absorption are often very weak, the amplifier boosts these signals to a level that can be processed by the device. Measures of physiology and devices 2. Pulse Oximetry & Photoplethysmography: - Device: Pulse Oximeter transducer Measures of physiology and devices 1. Respiration Rate and Volume (RVT) - Device: Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) Belt 2. Pulse Oximetry & Photoplethysmography: - Device: Pulse Oximeter 3. Blood Pressure: - Device: Sphygmomanometer 4. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) / Skin Conductance: - Device: GSR Sensor 5. Pupillometry: - Device: Pupillometer, eye camera 6. Temperature - Device: Thermometer, skin temperature sensor And more.. Electrocardiography (ECG), Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG)  PPG and respiratory signal variations Raw respiratory signal Respiratory volume per time Raw PPG signal 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 time (sec) What could be the task? A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood Before DB After DB volume changes from the fingertip. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption.