Blood PowerPoint Presentation PDF

BLOOD  q Blood § Blood is one of the most important components of life. Almost any animal that possesses a circulatory system has blood. § Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste product...

BLOOD  q Blood § Blood is one of the most important components of life. Almost any animal that possesses a circulatory system has blood. § Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products and regulate the body temperature. § Technically, blood is a transport liquid pumped by the heart (or an equivalent structure) to all parts of the body, after which it is returned to the heart to repeat the process. q COMPONENTS OF BLOOD § Blood has 4 main components: 1. Plasma 2. Red blood cells 3. White blood cells 4. Platelets § About 55% of our blood is Plasma and remaining 45% are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets that are suspended in the plasma. COMP ONENTS OF BLOOD q PLASMA § Plasma is the largest single component of blood. § Plasma itself consists of 92% water. Vital proteins involved in many functions and transporting substances 7% of plasma. The remaining 1% contains mineral salts, sugars, fats, hormones, and vitamins. Plasma cells q PLASMA § Coagulation: such as fibrinogen, thrombin, and factor X, are present in plasma and play a vital role in the clotting process to stop a person from bleeding. § Immunity: such as antibodies and immunoglobulins, which play a crucial role in the immune system by fighting pathogens. § Blood pressure and volume maintenance: such as albumin helps to maintain the oncotic pressure. This prevents fluid from leaking into areas of the body and skin where less fluid usually collects. This also helps ensure blood flow through blood vessels. q PLASMA § PH balance: Substances present in blood plasma act as buffers, allowing plasma to maintain a pH within normal ranges, which helps to support cell function. § Transportation: Plasma in the blood helps to transport nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other important substances throughout the body. It also helps to remove waste products by transporting them to the liver, lungs, kidneys, or skin. § Body temperature: Plasma helps maintain body temperature by balancing heat loss and heat gain in the body. q Plasma § By performing the above functions, plasma helps to keep people healthy and this is why there are blood drives asking people to donate plasma. § After collecting donated plasma, healthcare professionals freeze it to preserve its quality and function. They refer to this as fresh frozen plasma, or FFP that is used in lifesaving treatment. q RED BLOOD CELLS § Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, begin as immature cells in the bone marrow. After about 7 days of maturation, they make their way into the bloodstream. Each red blood cell lives for roughly 120 days. The human body produces around 2 million blood cells every second. § They are red in color and shaped like a disk, with a flat center that causes a slight indentation in the middle. They are the most abundant type of cell in the blood (accounting for about 40 to 45 percent of its volume). § Red blood cells have no nucleus and can easily change shape. This helps them fit through various blood vessels throughout the body. q RED BLOOD CELLS § These cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which helps them carry oxygen around the body. § Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the hemoglobin. § The normal RBC count (also known as the reference range) ü in Female: 4.2-5.4 ü Male: 4.7-6.1 ü Child: 4-5.5 q WHITE BLOOD CELLS § White blood cells , also known as leukocytes, are an important part of the body’s immune system response. § Stem cells in the bone marrow are responsible for producing white blood cells and stores an estimated 80–90% of it. § The lifespan of WBC is about 12-20 days. § Normal range is between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per microliter of blood ,and about 1 % of your blood is WBCs. § Once your white blood cell army arrives, they fight the invader by producing antibody proteins to attach to the organism and destroy it. § They are further classified as granulocytes and agranulocytes. q TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS § Neutrophils: Help protect your body from infections by killing bacteria, fungi and foreign debris. § Lymphocytes: Consist of T cells, natural killer cells and B cells to protect against viral infections and produce proteins to help you fight infection (antibodies). § Eosinophils: Identify and destroy parasites, cancer cells and assists basophils with your allergic response. § Basophils: Produce an allergic response like coughing, sneezing or a runny nose. § Monocytes: Defend against infection by cleaning up damaged cells. q PLATELETS § Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are fragments of larger cells made in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. These fragments are crucial to wound healing. § Platelets count range are between 150,000 and 400,000 cells per microliter of blood. § Life span about 10 days. § The function of the platelets is the prevention and control of bleeding. When the endothelial surface (lining) of a blood vessel is injured, platelets in large numbers immediately attach to the injured surface forming a fibrin clot which covers the wound and prevents blood from leaking out. q Defination q Function q Structure q Different structure of hemoglobin q Normal hemoglobin values q Hemoglobin levels  What is The Meaning Of Hemoglobin? q Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. q forms an unstable reversible bond with oxygen. In the oxygenated state, it is called oxyhemoglobin and is bright red; in the reduced state, it is purplish blue. q it is produced in bone marrow by erythrocytes and is circulated with them until their destruction. q When red cells die, hemoglobin is broken up: iron is salvaged, transported to the bone marrow by proteins called transferrins. q Excretion: -it gets broken in the spleen, and some of its components, such as heme groups, get broken down and transported to liver and excretes from the body through intestines.  Function Of Hemoglobin q Hemoglobin is found exclusively in RBCs. q Its main function is to transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues & carbon dioxide & hydrogen protons from tissues to lung.  Structure Of Hemoglobin q Hemoglobin is a protein made up of four polypeptide chains (α1, α2, β1, and β2). Each chain is attached to a heme group is made up of four protein molecules(globulin chains|)that are connected together. q Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of four heme groups surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. q Heme, which accounts for only 4 percent of the weight of the molecule, is composed of a ringlike organic compound known as a porphyrin to which an iron atom is attached. qThere are four iron atoms in each molecule of hemoglobin, which accordingly can bind four molecules of oxygen. Globin consists of two linked pairs of polypeptide chains. q the remainder of the hemoglobin forms the basis of bilirubin, a chemical that is excreted into the bile and gives the feces their characteristic yellow-brown colour. Structure Of Hemoglobin  Different Structure Of Hemoglobin § (abbreviated Hgb or Hb)molecule Ø Normal adult contains two alpha-globulin chains and hemoglobin two beta- globulin chains. § beta chains are not common and the Ø In fetuses and hemoglobin molecule is made up of two infants alpha chains and two gamma chains § the gamma chains are gradually Ø As the replaced by beta chains, forming the infant grows adult hemoglobin structure.  Normal Hemoglobin Values q The normal ranges for hemoglobin depend on the age and, beginning in adolescence, the gender of the person. q The normal range are § Newborns: 17 to 22 gm/dL § One (1) week of age: 15 to 20 gm/dL § One (1) month of age: 11 to 15 gm/dL § Children: 11 to 13 gm/dL § Adult males: 14 to 18 gm/dL § Adult women: 12 to 16 gm/dL § Men after middle age: 12.4 to 14.9 gm/dL § Women after middle age: 11.7 to 13.8 gm/dL Normal Hemoglobin levels by Age Group  Hemoglobin Levels High Low Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Level Level  High Hemoglobin Level qHigher than normal hemoglobin levels can be seen inpeople living at high altitudes and in people who smoke. qSome other infrequent causes are high hemoglobin levels are: 1. advanced lung disease 2. certain tumors; 3. a disorder of the bone marrow known as polycythemia and; abuse of the drug erythropoietin by athletes for blood doping purposes (increasing the amount of oxygen available to the body by chemically raising the production of red blood cells).  Low Hemoglobin Level q A low hemoglobin level is referred to as anemia or low red blood count. A lower than a normal number of red blood cells is referred to as anemia and hemoglobin levels reflect this number. There are many reasons (causes) for anemia. q Some of the more common causes of anemia are: § loss of blood ( surgery, bleeding, colon cancer, or stomach ulcers) § utritional deficiency (iron, vitamin B12, folate), § bone marrow problems (replacement of bone marrow by cancer) § Kidney failure, and abnormal hemoglobin structure (sickle cell anemia or thalasemia). q What is anemia? § Anemia is a blood disorder that happens when you don’t have enough red blood cells or your red blood cells don’t work as they should. § Some types of anemia are inherited. § Anemia can affect your life in different ways. Some types of this condition have mild symptoms that ease with treatment. Other types are more serious, like some that people inherit that cause lifelong medical issues. § Severe anemia can be life-threatening. q Symptoms of anemia § Fatigue § Chest pain § Dizziness Headache § Headache § Pallor § Shortness of breath § Brittle nails § Weakness Brittle nails q Types of anemia A. Aplastic anemia § Aplastic anemia occurs if your bone marrow stops producing red blood cells. Aplastic anemia may be due to primary bone marrow failure, myelodysplasia (a condition in which the bone marrow produces abnormal red blood cells that do not mature properly), or occasionally as a side effect of some medications. § The most serious type of anemia. B. iron-deficiency anemia § Iron-deficiency anemia is a type of anemia that develops if you do not have enough iron in your body. § It is the most common type of anemia. C. Thalassemia § (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal. § If you have mild thalassemia, you might not need treatment. But more severe forms might require regular blood transfusions Normal blood Thalassemia q Hemolytic anemia § Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. § Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired: ü Inherited hemolytic anemia happens when parents pass the gene for the condition on to their children. ü Acquired hemolytic anemia is not something you are born with. You develop the condition later. Destruction of red blood cell Normal red blood cell Spherocyte with subsequent release of (Erythocyte) (Sphere-shaped erythrocyte) hemoglobin into blood q Hemophilia § Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which the blood doesn't clot in the typical way because it doesn't have enough blood- clotting proteins (clotting factors). § If you have hemophilia, you might bleed for a longer time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted properly Most common syptoms of hemophilia q Symptoms of hemophilia § Unexplained and excessive bleeding from cuts or injuries, or after surgery or dental work. § Many large or deep bruises. § Unusual bleeding after vaccinations. § Pain, swelling or tightness in your joints.Blood in your urine or stool. § Nosebleeds without a known cause. q Hypocalcemia § Hypocalcemia happens when the level of calcium in your blood (not your bones) is too low. § Many different health conditions can cause hypocalcemia, and it’s often caused by abnormal levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or vitamin D in your body.( This is because PTH helps control the level of calcium in your blood and vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium). § Hypocalcemia can be mild or severe and temporary or chronic (lifelong). q Symptoms of hypocalcemia include § Tingling in your lips, tongue, fingers and/or feet Muscle aches § Muscle spasms in your throat that make it difficult to breathe (laryngospasm) § Stiffening and spasms of your muscles (tetany) Seizures § Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia) § Congestive heart failure § Twitching in your hands, face, and feet q Medications and treatments are used for hypocalcemia The following treatments and medications are often used for hypocalcemia: § Oral calcium pills: Calcium pills or supplements may be used to restore your calcium to normal levels. § Vitamin D supplement: People who have chronic hypocalcemia often take a vitamin D supplement along with calcium pills so that their bodies can properly absorb the calcium.