Blood Overview and Components
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of blood?

  • To provide structural support to tissues
  • To store energy for the body
  • To transport oxygen and nutrients to cells (correct)
  • To act as a barrier against pathogens

What percentage of blood is plasma?

  • 45%
  • 25%
  • 55% (correct)
  • 75%

Which component of plasma is primarily responsible for blood clotting?

  • Immunoglobulins
  • Albumin
  • Fibrinogen (correct)
  • Glucose

How does plasma help maintain body temperature?

<p>By balancing heat loss and heat gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies in plasma play for the body?

<p>Fight pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the water content in plasma?

<p>It consists of 92% water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of plasma helps regulate pH balance in the body?

<p>Buffers within plasma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to donated plasma to preserve its quality?

<p>It is frozen for preservation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many polypeptide chains are present in each hemoglobin molecule?

<p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is oxyhemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it?

<p>Bright red (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is hemoglobin produced in the body?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin when red blood cells die?

<p>It is broken down and components are salvaged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the heme part of hemoglobin contain?

<p>Iron atom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the weight of hemoglobin does heme account for?

<p>4 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of platelets in the bloodstream?

<p>10 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of red blood cells in the body?

<p>To carry oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

<p>120 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for combating bacterial infections?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood volume is typically composed of red blood cells in a healthy individual?

<p>40 to 45 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell is predominant in immune responses?

<p>White blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>To transport oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of white blood cells per microliter of blood?

<p>4,000 to 11,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic responses?

<p>Eosinophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of normal adult hemoglobin?

<p>Two alpha chains and two beta chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the normal hemoglobin range for infants begin to decrease?

<p>One month of age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is defined as having lower than a normal number of red blood cells?

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause high levels of hemoglobin?

<p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of low hemoglobin levels related to dietary deficiencies?

<p>Iron deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the lowest normal hemoglobin range?

<p>Adult women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the disorder that may arise from abnormal hemoglobin structure?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of living at high altitudes?

<p>Higher hemoglobin levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the symptoms of severe anemia?

<p>Fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is associated with insufficient iron in the body?

<p>Iron-deficiency anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolytic anemia characterized by?

<p>Faster destruction of red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can cause lifelong medical issues and is inherited?

<p>Thalassemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major symptom of hemophilia?

<p>Excessive bleeding from wounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can aplastic anemia result from?

<p>Primary bone marrow failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible cause of acquired hemolytic anemia?

<p>Certain infections or medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anemia type requires regular blood transfusions in severe cases?

<p>Thalassemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hypocalcemia?

<p>Muscle spasms in the throat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is often associated with causing hypocalcemia?

<p>Abnormal levels of parathyroid hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly recommended for individuals with chronic hypocalcemia?

<p>Vitamin D supplements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a severe consequence of untreated hypocalcemia?

<p>Seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognizable symptom of hypocalcemia?

<p>Nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Composition

Blood, vital for life, is a fluid connective tissue transporting oxygen, nutrients, and removing waste, regulating body temperature.

Plasma

Liquid part of blood, about 55%, mostly water, containing proteins, salts, sugars, fats, hormones, and vitamins crucial for many bodily functions.

Plasma Functions

Plasma plays diverse roles including clotting (factors), immunity (antibodies), blood pressure/volume regulation (albumin), pH balance, transporting nutrients and wastes, and maintaining body temperature.

Red Blood Cells

The dominant cells in blood, responsible for oxygen transport in the blood.

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White Blood Cells

Cells integral to the body's defense mechanisms, fighting infections and diseases.

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Platelets

Blood components vital for clot formation in wounds to prevent excessive blood loss.

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Blood Donation

Voluntary process of donating blood to help save lives.

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Blood Donation Plasma Preparation

Donated plasma is often frozen post-donation to maintain quality during storage; healthcare settings can utilize this frozen product.

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Red Blood Cells (RBC)

The most abundant blood cell type, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

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Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

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White Blood Cells (WBC)

Cells of the immune system that fight infection.

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Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that fights bacteria and other invaders.

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Platelets

Cell fragments that help stop bleeding by forming blood clots.

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RBC Count Range (Female)

The normal range of red blood cells in a female.

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Lifespan of RBCs

Approximately 120 days.

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Lifespan of WBCs

About 12-20 days.

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Platelet Function

Platelets prevent and control bleeding by forming clots at injured blood vessel surfaces.

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Platelet Count Range

Normal platelet counts are between 150,000 and 400,000 cells per microliter of blood.

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Hemoglobin Function

Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide back to lungs.

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Hemoglobin Structure

Hemoglobin is a protein with four polypeptide chains (globin) and four heme groups, each binding one oxygen molecule.

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Hemoglobin's Oxygen Binding

Hemoglobin forms a reversible bond with oxygen, becoming oxyhemoglobin (bright red) when bound and reduced (purplish blue) when released.

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Hemoglobin Breakdown

Old red blood cells are broken down; iron is salvaged, and components are transported/removed by the body.

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Hemoglobin Location

Hemoglobin is exclusively found within red blood cells (RBCs).

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Platelet Lifespan

Platelets typically survive for about 10 days.

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Hemoglobin Structure

Adult hemoglobin has two alpha and two beta globulin chains; fetal hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma chains.

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Normal Hemoglobin Levels

Vary by age and gender; higher in newborns and infants than in adults; males have higher ranges than females.

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High Hemoglobin

Levels above the normal range, often due to high altitudes, smoking, or other conditions.

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Low Hemoglobin (Anemia)

Levels below the normal range indicate a shortage of red blood cells, reflecting many potential causes.

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Causes of Low Hemoglobin

Blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, bone marrow issues, kidney failure, and abnormal hemoglobin structures (e.g., sickle cell anemia) all contribute.

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Fetal Hemoglobin

A form of hemoglobin with two alpha and two gamma chains; is temporarily present as an infant grows.

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Anemia

A blood disorder characterized by insufficient red blood cells or malfunctioning red blood cells.

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Hemoglobin Value Units

Hemoglobin levels are measured in grams per deciliter (gm/dL).

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Anemia

A condition where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells.

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Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels in the blood, often caused by abnormal PTH or vitamin D.

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Severe Anemia

A life-threatening form of anemia with severe symptoms.

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Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Can include tingling, muscle aches, spasms, seizures, and abnormal heart rhythms.

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Aplastic Anemia

Anemia arising from bone marrow's failure to create red blood cells.

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Treatment for Hypocalcemia

Usually involves oral calcium pills (supplements) and vitamin D.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that helps control calcium levels in the blood.

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Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A common anemia type due to insufficient iron intake.

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Vitamin D's role in calcium

Essential for the body to absorb calcium efficiently.

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Hemolytic Anemia

Red blood cells destroyed faster than they're produced.

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Thalassemia

Inherited blood disorder causing lower hemoglobin levels.

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Hemophilia

Rare disorder where blood clotting is deficient due to lack of clotting factors.

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Symptoms of Anemia

Common symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, headaches, pallor, shortness of breath, and brittle nails.

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Study Notes

Blood Overview

  • Blood is a vital component of life, found in any animal with a circulatory system
  • Blood is a fluid connective tissue transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Blood carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products
  • Blood regulates body temperature
  • Blood is a transport liquid, pumped by the heart (or equivalent) to all body parts and returned to the heart

Blood Components

  • Blood has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  • Approximately 55% of blood is plasma
  • Remaining 45% consists of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma

Plasma

  • Largest component of blood
  • Primarily composed of water (92%)
  • Contains vital proteins for various functions and substance transport (7%)
  • Remaining 1% includes minerals, sugars, fats, hormones, and vitamins
  • Plays a crucial role in blood clotting (coagulation) through elements like fibrinogen, thrombin, and factor X
  • Supports the immune system (immunity) via antibodies and immunoglobulins
  • Maintains blood pressure and volume through albumin
  • Balances body temperature, transporting nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and removing waste to liver, lungs, kidneys, or skin

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

  • Also called erythrocytes
  • Begin as immature cells in bone marrow
  • Mature over approximately 7 days
  • Each RBC lives for roughly 120 days
  • Human body produces around 2 million RBCs every second
  • Disc-shaped with a flat center, abundant (40-45% of blood volume)
  • Lack a nucleus, allowing for flexible shape for movement through blood vessels
  • Contain hemoglobin, giving blood its red color and transporting oxygen throughout the body
  • Normal RBC count (reference range) varies by gender and age

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

  • Also called leukocytes
  • Essential component of the immune system
  • Produced and stored (80-90%) in bone marrow stem cells
  • Lifespan is approximately 12-20 days
  • Normal range is 4000-11000 cells per microliter of blood
  • 1% of blood volume is WBCs
  • Fight invaders by producing antibody proteins
  • Classified into granulocytes and agranulocytes

Types of White Blood Cells

  • Neutrophils: Protect against infections (bacteria, fungi, and foreign debris)
  • Lymphocytes: Combat viral infections (T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells producing antibodies)
  • Eosinophils: Destroy parasites and cancer cells
  • Basophils: Involved in allergic responses (coughing, sneezing, runny nose)
  • Monocytes: Clean up damaged cells

Platelets

  • Also called thrombocytes
  • Fragments of megakaryocytes (larger cells made in bone marrow)
  • Crucial for wound healing
  • Platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 cells per microliter of blood
  • Life span is about 10 days
  • Prevent and control bleeding by forming clots at injured blood vessel lining, stopping blood leaks

Hemoglobin

  • Protein molecule in red blood cells
  • Transports oxygen from lungs to body tissues, and carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • Bonds reversibly with oxygen (bright red when oxygenated and purplish blue when not)
  • Produced in bone marrow, circulated with red blood cells, and destroyed along with red blood cells
  • Iron is salvaged and transported back to bone marrow
  • Excreted through the intestines after breakdown by spleen

Hemoglobin Structure

  • A protein consisting of four polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains), each with a heme group
  • Heme contains iron, allowing oxygen binding
  • Hemoglobin structure varies during different developmental stages (normal adult vs. fetus/infant)

Normal Hemoglobin Values

  • Varies based on age and gender
  • Ranges provided for newborns, children, adult males, and adult females

High Hemoglobin Levels

  • Higher than normal range seen in people in high altitudes and smokers
  • Can result from lung disease, tumors, and erythropoietin abuse

Low Hemoglobin Levels (Anemia)

  • Lower than normal range
  • Common causes include blood loss, nutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, and folate), bone marrow problems, kidney failure, and abnormal hemoglobin structure

Blood Diseases Overview

  • Anemia: Condition caused by low red blood cell count or malfunctioning red blood cells; inherited or acquired
  • Symptoms of Anemia: Fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, headache, pallor, shortness of breath, brittle nails, and weakness
  • Types of Anemia
  • Aplastic: Bone marrow stops producing red blood cells
  • Iron-deficiency: Lack of iron in the body (most common)
  • Thalassemia: Inherited disorder resulting in lower than normal hemoglobin levels
  • Hemolytic: Red blood cells destroyed faster than created; inherited or acquired
  • Hemophilia: Rare disorder with inadequate blood-clotting proteins; symptoms like nosebleeds, excessive bruising

Hypocalcemia

  • Condition where calcium levels in the blood are too low
  • Often caused by abnormal levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or vitamin D
  • Can be mild or severe, temporary or chronic
  • Symptoms: Tingling in lips, tongue, fingers, muscle aches, muscle spasms (tetany), seizures, abnormal heart rhythms, and heart failure

Medications and Treatments for Hypocalcemia

  • Oral calcium pills to increase calcium levels
  • Vitamin D supplements to help body absorb calcium

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Blood PowerPoint Presentation PDF

Description

This quiz explores the essential aspects of blood, including its vital functions and fundamental components. Participants will learn about plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as how blood contributes to regulating body temperature and transporting nutrients. Test your knowledge of this critical fluid connective tissue!

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