Blood Final Notes PDF

Blood Characteristics: In the Human body there is 4-6 liters of blood The ph range is 7.35 – 7.46 Blood Overview: Not centrifuged o Plasma o Formed Elements: § Leukocytes § Erythrocytes § Platelets Centrifuged o (55%) Plasma § Water § Plasma proteins § Small solutes o ( 1%) Buffy Coat § Leukocytes §...

Blood Characteristics: In the Human body there is 4-6 liters of blood The ph range is 7.35 – 7.46 Blood Overview: Not centrifuged o Plasma o Formed Elements: § Leukocytes § Erythrocytes § Platelets Centrifuged o (55%) Plasma § Water § Plasma proteins § Small solutes o ( 1%) Buffy Coat § Leukocytes § Platelets o (44%) Erythrocytes (+hematocrit) PLASMA: (92%) Water ( 8%) Other o Plasma Proteins o Albumin o Immune proteins o Transport proteins o Clotting proteins o Other Solutes (Ca, K, Cl, and Na) o Ions o Dissolved gases o Wastes Parts of Blood: Formed Elements: o Erythrocytes (RBC) § Makes up about 42% - 48% of whole blood o Leukocytes (WBC) o Thrombocytes (PLT) § Fragments of cells Hemopoietic Tissue o Red Bone Marrow o Spleen o Lymph nodes o Thymus All begin as Hemocytoblast (stem Cells) o hem (blood) cyt (cell) Blast (build) = build blood cell Erythrocytes (RBC) o 12-28% of whole blood is RBC o Hematocrit = the percentage of whole blood that RBC take up (are done in %’s) § HCT value: 42% - 48% If HCT starts going up, it makes the heart work harder causing a possible break of a blood vessel. o Value: 4.5 – 6 million mm3 o Life Span 120 days o Reddish hue à pigment comes from hemoglobin o Structure: o Biconcave disc containing cytosol, enzymes, and hemoglobin Hemoglobin o Value: 12-18 grams o Made up of o 4 Hem’s – carry CO2 (Carbon dioxide) § Iron o 4 Globin’s – Carry O2 (Oxygen) § Strands of Amino acids o Colors: o Bright Red – Oxygenated hemoglobin o Alabama Red – Unoxygenated hemoglobin Normal Blood Oxygen Levels Stimulated by Hypoxia (Low O2) due to decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, or increases tissue demands for O2 1. Hypoxia happens, kidneys detect low O2 which causes the production of EPO (erythropoietin) 2. Targets red bone marrow to enhanced erythropoiesis to increase RBC count 3. Increases O2 - carrying ability of blood Oxygen = ATP (energy) Erythrocyte Death Spleen = graveyard for RBC o Contain Macrophages (large eater) § Recycle RBC 1) Erythrocyte becomes trapped in the sinusoids of the spleen 2) Spleen macrophages digest the erythrocyte 3) Hemoglobin in broken into amino acids, iron, and bilirubin a) Hemo – Iron and bilirubin i) Bilirubin à liver à bile à feces b) Globin – amino acids 4) Iron and amino acids are recycled and used to make new Hemoglobin in red bone marrow Anemia and Types of Anemia Anemia – low RBC or low Hemoglobin Types: o Iron Deficiency Anemia § The most common in females due to low level of iron, because of menstrual cycle § Symptoms: Lack of energy Paler than usual Pica eaters (eat things that aren’t nutritive) o Ex. Ice - it not a habit, it is a must have to eat for them § Fix: must get more iron o Pernicious Anemia § extrinsic factor = Need vitamin B12 Must eat it to get it § Intrinsic factor = in stomach to absorb it § Symptoms: Lack of energy Paler than usual Pica eaters § Fix: Vitamin B12 shots in the butt o Sickle cell Anemia § Least common – genetic trait § Demands of stress (exercise) Need of more O2 on the RBC causes it to sickle up Blood Typing and Matching Blood Typing o Type A – only A antigen o Type B – antigen B antigen o Type AB – Both A and B antigens o Type O – Has no antigens Blood Typing Test (Antibodies): o Anti-A antibodies bind and agglutinate A antigens o Anti-B antibodies bind and agglutinate B antigens o Anti-Rh antibodies bind and agglutinate Rh antigens Agglutinate = stick together Agglutination indicates that a specific antigen is present on that patients’ erythrocytes Blood Transfusions o Universal donor = blood type O – o Erythrocytes do not have A, B, nor Rh surface antigens o Can be given to any other blood type in emergency when matching is not an option BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Blood type % of people who have it AB+ 3% Antigens A, B, Rh Antibodies Can only receive from May donate to None Universal recipient AB+ anti-Rh AB-, A-, B-,O- AB+, AB- Anti-B A+, A-, O+, O- AB+, A+ Anti-B, anti-Rh A-, O- AB+, ABA+, A- Anti-A B+, B-, O+, O- AB+, B+ Anti-A, anti-Rh B-, O- AB+, ABB+, B- Anti-A, Anti-B O+, O- AB+, A+ B+, O+ Anti-A, Anti-B, anti-Rh O- Universal Donor 1% A,B AB- A+ 34% A, Rh A- 6% A B+ 9% B, Rh B- 2% B O+ 38% Rh O- 7% None Leukocytes and Immune Function Leukocytes o Leukopoiesis is the formation of leucocytes o Normal count = 5,000 - 10,000 per mm3 o Exceptions: o Leukocytosis = Above 10,000 per mm3 § High inflammatory count due to having in infection Note: WBC are part of our immune system so if we e have an Infection, we want more WBC to be able to recover o Leukopenia = below 5,000 per mm3 § Suppressed immunity à Chemo patients Special Characteristics: o Diapedesis = WBC can sneak through a blood vessel wall and go into tissues are told when to sneak through by Chemotaxis o Chemotaxis – they move towards the chemicals 2 Categories of Leukocytes Granulocytes o Neutrophils o Eosinophil o Basophil Agranulocytes o Lymphocytes o Monocytes Neutrophils o Neutral Lovers! o Light purple o 3-6 Lobed nucleus o Eat small invaders Eosinophils o Acid Lover! o Red o 2 lobed nucleus o Lessen allergic reactions + parasitic worms Basophil o Base Lover! o Dark purple o S-shaped nucleus o Contain a) Heparin – anticoagulant b) Histamine – Vaso dilates blood vessels à Antihistamine = for allergies Lymphocytes o Takes up almost all the space in the cell o T cells – recognize antigens § looking for foreign antigens (think T for terrorist) o B cells – Making antibodies § Think B for building (making ) T Cell Monocytes o Kidney or U-shaped nucleus o Macrophages – large eaters o Clean-up crew after an infection and cleaned it up Mnemonic device to remember the Leukocytes from MOST to LEAST: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophil Basophil (NE) 50% - 70% (LY) 25% - 45% (MO) 3% - 8% (EO) 2% - 4% (Ba) 0.5% - 1% Leukopoiesis is the formation of leucocytes B Cell Platelets Platelets o Thrombopoiesis if the formation of platelets o Normal count 150,00 -300,000 per mm3 o Exception: o Thrombocytopenia = Below 150,000 mm3 Hemostasis o Hemostasis - involves series of five events: o Part 1 Vascular Spasm o Part 2 Platelet Plug Formation o Part 3 Coagulation o Part 4 Clot Retraction o Part 5 Thrombolysis Mnemonic device to remember the order: Very Pretty Cats Can Terminate Vascular Spasm o Begins immediately when a blood vessel in injures and blood leaks into extracellular fluid with the following two responses: 1. Vasoconstriction and increased tissue pressure both act to decrease blood vessel diameter (blood vessel contracts cause vessel to vasoconstrict ) 2. Blood loss is minimized as both blood pressure and blood flow are reduced locally by these responses Platelet Plug Formation o Patch, consisting mostly of platelets, adheres only to injury site o In hemostasis, when a blood vessel is injured, von Willebrand factor (vWF) helps platelets adhere to the exposed collagen, becoming sticky and facilitating platelet activation. Adhered and activated platelets release chemical signals that attract more platelets to the site, forming a plug. This plug, reinforced by fibrinogen conversion to fibrin, temporarily seals the wound, preventing further blood loss. The platelet plug serves as an initial barrier while the coagulation cascade proceeds to form a stable clot. Ultimately, vWF's role in platelet adhesion is crucial for initiating the formation of the platelet plug and halting bleeding. Coagulation o Prothrombin (+ Ca, Clotting Factors) and Fibrinogen – in this form nothing happens Injured vessels or Sticky PLT’s à Prothrombin activator à thrombin à Fibrinogen à Fibrin Fibrin: o Kinda sounds like fibers (web like) Clot Retraction à Thrombolysis (breakdown of clot) Plasminogen à inactive sitting in plasma o As the epithelia cells heal, they produce Tpa o Tissue Plasminogen Activator § converts Plasminogen à Plasmin à digest fibrin o Given to some who had a stroke, to breakdown a clot Prothrombin o To make it you need vitamin K o Get from organism in your large intestine via the E. coli breaks down fiber which gives us gas and vitamin K, which you will absorb to make Prothrombin Heparin and Coumadin – only prevents Clots Heparin: oppose thrombin (clotting) Coumadin: oppose vitamin K o It opposes vitamin K o Given for someone who is prone to clots o Coumadin is like rat poison Hemophilia à missing one little clotting factor, then unable to go to the next step Extra terms: o Thrombus = clot o Birth control à has a small side effect of causing thrombi (multiple colts) typically in the legs can lead to an Embolus o Embolus = clot that has broken lose and is now moving throughout the blood stream o IS DEADLY