Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition BLG 111 Lec 1 Part I Chapter 18 Part A The Cardiovascular System Power...

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition BLG 111 Lec 1 Part I Chapter 18 Part A The Cardiovascular System PowerPoint® Lectures Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva, Ivy Tech Community College Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.1 Heart Anatomy Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Capillary beds The Pulmonary and of lungs where gas exchange occurs Systemic Circuits (1 of 2) Pulmonary Circuit Heart is a transport system Pulmonary Pulmonary arteries veins consisting of two side-by-side Aorta and pumps branches Venae cavae – Right side receives oxygen- Left atrium poor blood from tissues Left  Pumps blood to lungs to Right atrium ventricle Heart get rid of CO2, pick up O2, Right ventricle via pulmonary circuit Systemic Circuit – Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs  Pumps blood to body tissues via systemic Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas circuit exchange occurs Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Capillary beds of lungs where The Pulmonary and gas exchange occurs Systemic Circuits (2 of 2) Pulmonary Circuit Receiving chambers of heart Pulmonary Pulmonary arteries – Right atrium veins Aorta and  Receives blood returning from Venae branches cavae systemic circuit Left atrium – Left atrium  Receives blood returning from Left ventricle Right pulmonary circuit atrium Heart Right Pumping chambers of heart ventricle Systemic Circuit – Right ventricle  Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit – Left ventricle  Pumps blood through systemic circuit Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coverings of the Heart Pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers, reduces friction Layers of the Heart Wall Three layers of heart wall – Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium – Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells – Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels  Lines heart chambers and covers cardiac skeleton of valves Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Layers of the Pericardium and of the Heart Wall (1 of 2) Pulmonary Fibrous pericardium trunk Parietal layer of serous Pericardium pericardium Myocardium Pericardial cavity Epicardium (visceral layer of serous Heart pericardium) wall Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber Figure 18.3 The layers of the pericardium and of the heart wall. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 18.1 Pericarditis – Inflammation of pericardium – Roughens membrane surfaces, causing pericardial friction rub (creaking sound) heard with stethoscope – Cardiac tamponade  Excess fluid that leaks into pericardial space  Can compress heart’s pumping ability  Treatment: fluid is drawn out of cavity (usually with syringe) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Circular and Spiral Arrangement of Cardiac Muscle Bundles in the Myocardium of the Heart Cardiac muscle bundles Figure 18.4 The circular and spiral arrangement of cardiac muscle bundles in the myocardium of the heart. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chambers and Associated Great Vessels Internal features – Four chambers  Two superior atria  Two inferior ventricles – Interatrial septum: separates atria – Interventricular septum: separates ventricles Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gross Anatomy of the Heart Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Left atrium Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) valve Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Chordae tendineae Papillary muscle Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium Frontal section Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gross Anatomy of the Heart Figure 18.5b Gross anatomy of the heart. Left common carotid Brachiocephalic trunk artery Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Auricle of left atrium Right pulmonary veins Circumflex artery Right atrium Left coronary artery Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Right marginal artery Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Inferior vena cava (b) Anterior view Apex Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Gross Anatomy of the Heart Figure 18.5d Gross anatomy of the heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Left atrium Inferior vena cava Great cardiac vein Coronary sinus Posterior vein of Right coronary artery left ventricle (in coronary sulcus) Posterior interventricular Left ventricle artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Middle cardiac vein Right ventricle Apex (d) Posterior surface view Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Chambers and Associated Great Vessels Atria: the receiving chambers – Small, thin-walled chambers; contribute little to propulsion of blood – Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from body – Three veins empty into right atrium:  Superior vena cava: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm  Inferior vena cava: returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm  Coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins – Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from lungs  Four pulmonary veins return blood from lungs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chambers and Associated Great Vessels (5 of 6) Ventricles: the discharging chambers – Make up most of the volume of heart – Right ventricle: most of anterior surface – Left ventricle: posteroinferior surface – Papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity  Anchor chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chambers and Associated Great Vessels (6 of 6) Ventricles: the discharging chambers (cont.) – Thicker walls than atria – Actual pumps of heart – Right ventricle  Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk – Left ventricle  Pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Gross Anatomy of the Heart (5 of 9) Figure 18.5e Gross anatomy of the heart. Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Left atrium Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) valve Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Chordae tendineae Papillary muscle Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium (e) Frontal section Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Animation – Rotating Heart Sectioned Click here to view ADA compliant video: Animation – Rotating Heart Sectioned https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/rotating-model-heart-sectioned Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Animation – Rotating Heart Click here to view ADA compliant video: Animation – Rotating Heart https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/rotating-model-heart Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.2 Heart Valves Ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart Open and close in response to pressure changes Two major types of valves – Atrioventricular valves located between atria and ventricles – Semilunar valves located between ventricles and major arteries Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Heart Valves Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Area of cutaway Mitral valve Tricuspid valve Myocardium Mitral (left atrioventricular) valve Tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Cardiac skeleton Anterior (a) (b) Figure 18.6a, b Heart valves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Atrioventricular (AV) Valves Two atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract – Tricuspid valve (right AV valve): made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle – Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve): made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle – Chordae tendineae: anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles that function to:  Hold valve flaps in closed position  Prevent flaps from everting back into atria Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Heart Valves Right Left atrium atrium Tricuspid valve Chordae Mitral valve tendineae Myocardium Myocardium of left of right ventricle ventricle Papillary muscles Interventricular Chordae tendineae Papillary septum attached to tricuspid muscle valve flap (c) (d) Figure 18.6c, d Heart valves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves 1 Blood returning to the Direction of heart fills atria, pressing blood flow against the AV valves. The increased pressure forces Atrium AV valves open. Cusp of 2 As ventricles fill, AV valve atrioventricular flaps hang limply into ventricles. valve (open) Chordae tendineae 3 Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles. Papillary Ventricle muscle (a) AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure Figure 18.7a The function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves Atrium 1 Ventricles contract, forcing Cusps of blood against AV valve cusps. atrioventricular valve (closed) 2 AV valves close. Blood in 3 Papillary muscles contract ventricle and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria. (b) AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure Figure 18.7b The function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Pulmonary valve Heart Valves Aortic valve (3 of 3) Area of cutaway Mitral valve Tricuspid valve Myocardium Figure 18.6a Heart valves. Mitral (left atrioventricular) valve Tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Cardiac skeleton Anterior (a) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Semilunar (SL) Valves Two semilunar (SL) valves prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles – Open and close in response to pressure changes – Each valve consists of three cusps that roughly resemble a half moon – Pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk – Aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Function of the Semilunar (SL) Valves Aorta Pulmonary trunk As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open. Semilunar valves open Figure 18.8a The function of the semilunar (SL) valves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Function of the Semilunar (SL) Valves As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close. Semilunar valves closed Figure 18.8b The function of the semilunar (SL) valves. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 18.2 Two conditions severely weaken heart: – Incompetent valve  Blood backflows so heart repumps same blood over and over – Valvular stenosis  Stiff flaps that constrict opening  Heart needs to exert more force to pump blood Defective valve can be replaced with mechanical, animal, or cadaver valve Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.3 Pathway of Blood Through Heart (1 of 3) Right side of the heart – Superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus → – Right atrium → – Tricuspid valve → – Right ventricle → – Pulmonary semilunar valve → – Pulmonary trunk → – Pulmonary arteries → – Lungs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.3 Pathway of Blood Through Heart (2 of 3) Left side of the heart – Four pulmonary veins → – Left atrium → – Mitral valve → – Left ventricle → – Aortic semilunar valve → – Aorta → – Systemic circulation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure Animation: Blood Flow Through the Heart Click here to view ADA compliant Animation: Blood Flow Through the Heart https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/sci-ap-blood-flow-through-the-h eart Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Heart is a Double Pump, Each Side Supplying its Own Circuit (1 of 3) Tricuspid Pulmonary Oxygen-poor blood Superior vena cava (SVC) valve semilunar valve Right Right Pulmonary Oxygen-rich blood Inferior vena cava (IVC) atrium ventricle trunk Coronary sinus Pulmonary arteries SVC Coronary sinus Pulmonary trunk Right Tricuspid atrium Pulmonary valve semilunar valve Right IVC ventricle Oxygen-poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to the lungs (pulmonary circuit) To lungs to be oxygenated. Pulmonary capillaries Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via To heart the four pulmonary veins. FOCUS FIGURE 18.1 Blood Flow through the Heart Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Heart is a Double Pump, Each Side Supplying its Own Circuit (2 of 3) Oxygen-poor blood To heart returns from the body tissues back to the heart. Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Systemic capillaries Oxygen-rich blood is To body delivered to the body tissues (systemic circuit). Aorta Pulmonary veins Aortic Left semilunar Mitral atrium valve valve Left ventricle Aortic Mitral semilunar valve Left valve Left Four Aorta ventricle atrium pulmonary veins FOCUS FIGURE 18.1 Blood Flow through the Heart Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Heart is a Superior vena cava (SVC) Right Tricuspid valve Right Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Inferior vena cava (IVC) Double Pump, Coronary sinus atrium ventricle trunk Each Side Pulmonary arteries SVC Supplying its Own Coronary sinus Pulmonary trunk Circuit (3 of 3) Right atrium Tricuspid Pulmonary valve semilunar valve Right IVC ventricle Oxygen-poor blood is carried Oxygen-poor blood in two pulmonary arteries to To heart returns from the body the lungs (pulmonary circuit) To lungs tissues back to the heart. to be oxygenated. Systemic Pulmonary capillaries capillaries Oxygen-rich blood is Oxygen-rich blood To body delivered to the body returns to the heart via To heart tissues (systemic circuit). the four pulmonary veins. Aorta Pulmonary veins Aortic Left semilunar Mitral FOCUS FIGURE 18.1 valve valve atrium Blood Flow through the Left ventricle Heart Aortic Mitral semilunar valve Left valve Left Four Aorta ventricle atrium pulmonary veins Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18.3 Pathway of Blood Through Heart (3 of 3) Equal volumes of blood are pumped to pulmonary and systemic circuits Pulmonary circuit is short, low-pressure circulation Systemic circuit is long, high-friction circulation Anatomy of ventricles reflects differences – Left ventricle walls are 3× thicker than right  Pumps with greater pressure Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Anatomical Differences Between the Right and Left Ventricles Left ventricle: Thicker wall than right ventricle Right ventricle: Round shape Right ventricle: Thinner wall than left ventricle Crescent shape Wraps around left ventricle Interventricular septum Figure 18.9 Anatomical differences between the right and left ventricles. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coronary Circulation Coronary circulation – Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself – Shortest circulation in body – Delivered when heart is relaxed – Left ventricle receives most of coronary blood supply Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coronary Circulation Coronary arteries – Both left and right coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply arterial blood to heart – Both encircle heart in coronary sulcus – Branching of coronary arteries varies among individuals – Arteries contain many anastomoses (junctions)  Provide additional routes for blood delivery  Cannot compensate for coronary artery occlusion – Heart receives 1/20th of body’s blood supply Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Aorta Coronary Circulation (4 of 6) Pulmonary Superior trunk vena cava Left atrium Anastomosis (junction of vessels) Left coronary Right artery atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary Left artery ventricle Right ventricle Figure 18.10a Coronary Anterior circulation. Right interventricular marginal artery artery Posterior (a) The major coronary arteries. interventricular artery Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coronary Circulation (5 of 6) Coronary veins – Cardiac veins collect blood from capillary beds – Coronary sinus empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins  Great cardiac vein of anterior interventricular sulcus  Middle cardiac vein in posterior interventricular sulcus  Small cardiac vein from inferior margin – Several anterior cardiac veins empty directly into right atrium anteriorly Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coronary Circulation (6 of 6) Superior vena cava Great Anterior cardiac cardiac vein veins Coronary sinus Small Middle cardiac cardiac vein vein (b) The major cardiac veins. Figure 18.10b Coronary circulation. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gross Anatomy of the Heart (9 of 9) Figure 18.5d Gross anatomy of the heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Left atrium Inferior vena cava Great cardiac vein Coronary sinus Posterior vein of Right coronary artery left ventricle (in coronary sulcus) Posterior interventricular Left ventricle artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Middle cardiac vein Right ventricle Apex (d) Posterior surface view Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 18.3 Angina pectoris – Thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium – Cells are weakened Myocardial infarction (heart attack) – Prolonged coronary blockage – Areas of cell death are repaired with noncontractile scar tissue Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved