Biomolecule PDF

BIOMOLECULE 1. Carbohydrates Function:  Provide energy  Structural component (e.g., cellulose in plants) Structure:  Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms  General formula (CH₂O)n Description: Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve...

BIOMOLECULE 1. Carbohydrates Function:  Provide energy  Structural component (e.g., cellulose in plants) Structure:  Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms  General formula (CH₂O)n Description: Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a major energy source. 1. Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like glucose and fructose. 2. Disaccharides: Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose. 3. Polysaccharides: Starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), and cellulose (structural component in plant cell walls). 2. Proteins Function:  Enzymatic catalysts  Structural support  Transport and storage Structure:  Made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds  Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures Description: Large molecules made up of amino acids, essential for body structure and function. Examples:  Enzymes: Catalase, amylase (catalyze biochemical reactions)  Structural proteins: Collagen (skin and connective tissues)  Transport proteins: Hemoglobin (oxygen transport in blood)  Antibodies: Immunoglobulins (immune defense) 3. Lipids Function:  Energy storage  Insulation and protection  Structural component of cell membranes Structure:  Hydrophobic molecules  Composed of glycerol and fatty acids (triglycerides) Description: Hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, and steroids. Examples:  Triglycerides: Fats and oils (long-term energy storage)  Phospholipids: Major component of cell membranes  Steroids: Cholesterol, hormones (estrogen, testosterone) 4. Nucleic Acids Function:  Store and transmit genetic information  Protein synthesis Description: Polymers made up of nucleotide monomers, essential for storing and transmitting genetic information. Structure:  Polymers made up of nucleotide monomers  Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base Examples:  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Stores genetic information  RNA (Ribonucleic acid): Involved in protein synthesis and gene expression