BIO 111 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

BIO 111 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 CH 1-EVOLUTION, THE THEMES OF BIOLOGY, AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Describe the features that characterize living things, emphasizing cell theory Living things exhibit structure, evolutionary adaptation, regulation, energy processing, growth...

BIO 111 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 CH 1-EVOLUTION, THE THEMES OF BIOLOGY, AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Describe the features that characterize living things, emphasizing cell theory Living things exhibit structure, evolutionary adaptation, regulation, energy processing, growth and development, response to the environment, and reproduction. According to cell theory, the basic unit of life is the cell. List in sequence the levels of biological organization Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere. Natural selection- define and describe Natural selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce, passing these traits to their offspring. Scientific method. See lab report 1 for details. Will be returned to you before exam. CH 2- THE CHEMICAL CONTEXT OF LIFE List essential elements The essential elements for life are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Subatomic particles and charges (hint: protons, neutrons, electrons) Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (-). Atomic number The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom. Ions- cation v. Anion Cation: A positively charged ion. Anion: A negatively charged ion. Electron shells, valence electrons The chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of valence electrons. Bonds- - Hydrogen bond: A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. - Covalent bond: A bond formed by sharing electrons. A single bond shares one pair of electrons, while a double bond shares two pairs. - Ionic bond: A bond formed by transferring electrons between atoms. - Van der Waals interactions: Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary dipoles. o Hydrogen bond o Covalent bond (single v. Double) o Ionic bond o Van der waals interactions CH 3- WATER AND LIFE Water molecules- properties (HINT: POLARITY) Water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative, creating partial charges. Surface tension, cohesion, adhesion - Surface tension: The resistance of water’s surface due to hydrogen bonding. - Cohesion: Water molecules sticking to each other. - Adhesion: Water molecules sticking to other substances.  PH scale. Which end is acidic? Which end is basic? What are the numbers on the scale? What number is neutral? The pH scale ranges from 0-14. Acidic values are 0-6, neutral is 7, and basic values are 8-14. CH 4- CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Carbon’s atomic number 6. Carbon’s # of electrons and # of valence electrons Carbon has 6 electrons and 4 valence electrons. How many bonds can carbon form? Double, single, both? Carbon can form 4 bonds, including both single and double bonds. CH 5- THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Dehydration synthesis A reaction that joins molecules by removing water. Hydrolysis A reaction that breaks molecules by adding water. Difference between the major groups of organic compounds - Fats: Composed of glycerol and fatty acids. - Proteins: Made of amino acids. - Carbohydrates: Made of monosaccharides. - Nucleic acids: Made of nucleotides. o Fats o Proteins o Carbohydrates o Nucleic acids DNA v. RNA - DNA: Double-stranded, nitrogenous bases are A, T, C, G. - RNA: Single-stranded, nitrogenous bases are A, U, C, G. o Nitrogenous bases o How many strands? The levels of organization in proteins Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary. Ch 6- A TOUR OF THE CELL Microscopy- light, fluorescent, electron - Light microscopy: Uses visible light and lenses to magnify objects. - Fluorescent microscopy: Uses fluorescent dyes and specialized light to visualize cell structures. - Electron microscopy: Uses a beam of electrons to magnify structures at high resolution. Organelles and their functions- p. 100- but also read the book a little for better detail Chloroplasts v. Mitochondria Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, while mitochondria produce ATP. Cellular junctions - Tight junctions: Create a watertight seal between adjacent cells. - Desmosomes: Hold adjacent cells together, providing mechanical strength. - Gap junctions: Channels that allow direct communication between adjacent cells. - Plasmodesmata: Channels between plant cells for material transport. CH 7- MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION What is the importance of the cell membrane? Functions? The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. Discuss properties of the lipid bilayer The lipid bilayer is composed of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. o Fluid mosaic model- membrane structure The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as flexible with embedded proteins. Membrane proteins- different types, their functions, how they work - Transport proteins: Move molecules across the membrane. - Enzymatic proteins: Speed up chemical reactions. - Signal proteins: Transmit chemical signals. - Cell recognition proteins: Identify and distinguish cells. - Junction proteins: Connect adjacent cells. - Attachment proteins: Anchor the cell to the cytoskeleton. How they interact and fit into the membrane (HINT: different charge on inside of protein than on outside) Complacency and CONTRAST diffusion and osmosis - Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. - Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane. Osmosis in- hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic environments; what happens in each scenario? - Hypotonic: Water enters the cell; it may burst. - Isotonic: Water moves in and out equally. - Hypertonic: Water leaves the cell; it shrinks. Compare active transport (HINT: Na/K pump) and facilitated diffusion - Active transport moves substances against a gradient using energy (ATP), such as the sodium- potassium (Na+/K+) pump. - Facilitated diffusion is passive transport using carrier proteins. Endocytosis and Exocytosis transport mechanisms (p.139-140) Good luck and god speed. I’m rooting for you guys! Use the ppts or book to fill out this guide and you’ll be fine.