Biology Honors Unit 2 Review PDF

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Unit 2 Study Guide 1. Draw four interacting molecules of water in the space below. In your diagram, you should show the locati...

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Unit 2 Study Guide 1. Draw four interacting molecules of water in the space below. In your diagram, you should show the location of partial charges, label at least one covalent bond and label one hydrogen bond. 2. Describe why water molecules are polar. Be sure to discuss electronegativity in your response. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Distinguish between the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ a. Explain why phospholipid molecules are both hydrophilic AND hydrophobic. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Draw a diagram of a phospholipid bilayer with appropriate labels (hydrophobic/hydrophilic). 4. Define cohesion and adhesion. Describe why water is both cohesive and adhesive. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________  5. Water has a high specific heat capacity. Why is this good for living things? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the major functions of carbohydrates? What are the major functions of lipids? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. The monomers of proteins are ________________ and the polymer is called a _______________________. a. Draw a diagram of the monomer, making sure to label all components: 8. Draw a diagram that distinguishes between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition: 9. Both DNA and RNA are polymers made up of small monomers called______________. Put a box around one of these monomers in the diagram below. The figure to the right shows a section of a strand of DNA. Label the following molecules & bonds: A: B: C:  10. Explain why proteins are so diverse in structure (and therefore function). Include terms such as R-group, amino acid and peptide bonds in your response. _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Draw a 3 panel diagram that represents an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Label enzyme, active site, substrate, products. 12. The label on a Diet Coke can says “Phenylketonurics: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE.” Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder which can result from a mutation that leads to the substitution of the amino acid Tryptophan in normal phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), for the amino acid Arginine in a patient's PAH. This mutation makes the enzyme inactive, triggering the disease. Explain which macromolecule is directly being affected by the consumption of Diet Coke. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________  13. Label the activation energy of the reaction represented in the diagram above. a. Sketch in a line to represent the activation energy of this reaction if it was enzyme-catalyzed. b. Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain how you know. c. How much energy is gained or released? d. What does A + B refer to? What does C + D refer to? 14. In the space below, graph what point of saturation would look like for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. a. Explain which trial in our potato catalase lab represented saturation. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________  15. Which of the following best explains why an enzyme is specific in its catalysis of a single substrate? A. Each substrate requires a specific amount of activation energy to function and only the correct enzyme is capable of providing this amount of energy B. The enzyme’s allosteric site must be complementary to the shape of the substrate and have similar charges C. The substrate must have a molecular structure that allows it to bind to the active site of an enzyme D. The enzyme must be capable of forming peptide bonds with the amino acids of the substrate and only specific substrates will have the correct amino acids 16. Acids, bases, heat and salts can all drastically decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Which of the following best explains why? A. All of these environmental factors can affect the strength of the bonds holding the substrate together B. All of these environmental factors can disrupt the weak hydrogen bonds that are necessary for an enzyme to have a functional active site shape. C. All of these environmental factors can break peptide bonds that hold the enzyme together D. All of these environmental factors increase binding to the allosteric site of the enzyme which disrupts its proper functioning. a. What is the name of the response to an enzyme when it interacts with high heat or differing pH levels? _____________________ 17. What is activation energy? What is a catalyst? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Practice Test Questions: 1. Which of the following is NOT a smaller subunit of a nucleotide? a. Phosphate b. Nitrogenous Base c. Deoxyribose d. Glycerol 2. Which of the following biological macromolecules can be described as saturated or unsaturated? a. Protein b. Nucleic acids c. Carbohydrates d. Lipids 3. When disaccharides are changed to monosaccharides, the common chemical process involved is: a. hydration b. activation c. hydrolysis d. dehydration 4. An organism's genetic material is stored in which type of macromolecule? a. DNA b. Protein c. Lipids d. Nucleic Acid 5. After an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction, the enzyme is released from the complex and the enzyme is then a. restored to its original state b. destroyed c. chemically changed d. converted to a electrically charged molecule 6. A single covalent bond forms when two atoms do which of the following? a. when they share one election b. when one gives an electron to the other c. when one receives an electron from the other d. none of the above 7. The illustration above shows the formation of molecule "A" from the joining of amino acid 1 and amino acid 2. Molecule "A" is a(n) a. dissacrahire b. polypeptide c. nucleic acid d. fatty acid 8. Which process is being demonstrated from the illustration above? ______________________________________ Molecule A Molecule B 9. Refer to the illustration above. Molecules like Molecule “B” are found in a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. protein 10. Which of the following can be used to determine the speed of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? a. The researcher can examine the shape of the enzyme. b. The researcher can examine how much product is produced in a period of time. c. The researcher can measure the temperature of the reaction. d. The researcher can check for an increase in the activation energy of the reaction. 11. Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram? a. Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction? b. Does the addition of an enzyme result in the formation of covalent bonds? c. Does the addition of an enzyme produce a greater amount of products? d. Does the addition of an enzyme change the rate of the reaction? 12. The graph at right shows the activity for the enzyme catalase at different temperatures. Catalase is an enzyme produced by cells that is used to convert harmful hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water. Justify the curve of this graph. a. Catalase functions best in cells that produce large quantities of oxygen b. The ideal condition for catalase activity is at an oxygen concentration of 0.6 c. Catalase is most effective at temperatures 35 degrees Celsius. d. The catalase enzyme begins to denature at temperatures above 30 degrees celsius. 13. A typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. Which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule in which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area? a. Nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids. b. Phosphorus will be incorporated into amino acids. c. Potassium will be incorporated into lipids. d. Magnesium will be incorporated into carbohydrates.