Biology Unit 2 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What are the monomers of proteins called?

  • Nucleotides
  • Sugars
  • Fatty acids
  • Amino acids (correct)

What type of inhibition occurs when a substance binds to the active site of an enzyme?

  • Noncompetitive inhibition
  • Feedback inhibition
  • Allosteric inhibition
  • Competitive inhibition (correct)

Which of the following is a polymer made of monomers called nucleotides?

  • Proteins
  • DNA (correct)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids

What is the role of the R-group in amino acids?

<p>Determines the amino acid's identity and properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction?

<p>Products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the diversity of protein structures?

<p>The order and type of amino acids vary, affecting folding and function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of enzyme activity, what does the active site refer to?

<p>The part of the enzyme where substrates bind and react (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecule 'A' formed by the joining of amino acid 1 and amino acid 2 is classified as which of the following?

<p>Polypeptide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is illustrated with Molecule A and Molecule B?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules like Molecule 'B' are primarily found in which type of biological macromolecule?

<p>Carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most effective for determining the speed of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

<p>Measuring the product formed over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question can be best answered using the diagram of enzyme activity?

<p>Is the reaction rate affected by enzyme addition? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water molecules makes them polar?

<p>Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic temperature is suggested for optimal catalase enzyme activity?

<p>35 degrees Celsius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fertilizer component best matches the molecule it will be incorporated into?

<p>Nitrogen for nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes molecules that are water-loving?

<p>Hydrophilic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why phospholipid molecules are described as being both hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

<p>They contain a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the attraction between molecules of the same substance, such as water?

<p>Cohesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water's high specific heat capacity beneficial for living organisms?

<p>It helps regulate the temperature of environments and organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines adhesion in the context of water molecules?

<p>The attraction between water and different substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major function of carbohydrates?

<p>Cell membrane structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of water is primarily responsible for its cohesive properties?

<p>Its hydrogen bonding capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor best explains why acids, bases, heat, and salts decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

<p>They disrupt the hydrogen bonds necessary for enzyme functionality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of activation energy in a chemical reaction?

<p>It is the minimum energy required to initiate a reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biological macromolecules is classified as saturated or unsaturated?

<p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process converts disaccharides into monosaccharides?

<p>Hydrolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme after it catalyzes a chemical reaction?

<p>It is restored to its original state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a single covalent bond formed between two atoms?

<p>By sharing a pair of electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macromolecule stores an organism's genetic material?

<p>DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high heat or extreme pH levels on enzyme activity?

<p>They cause denaturation of the enzyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the activation energy in a reaction diagram?

<p>The peak of the energy barrier that must be overcome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an endothermic reaction?

<p>It absorbs energy from the surroundings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, what does A + B typically represent?

<p>The reactants before the reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of enzyme specificity?

<p>An enzyme can only catalyze reactions involving substrates with a complementary molecular structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence would indicate that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has reached saturation?

<p>A plateau in product formation despite increases in substrate concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the energy gained or released in a biochemical reaction determined?

<p>By comparing the energy levels of reactants and products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for an enzyme to successfully catalyze a reaction?

<p>The substrate must fit precisely into the enzyme's active site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the activation energy of a reaction when an enzyme is present?

<p>It decreases, facilitating a faster reaction rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polar Water Molecules

Water molecules have partial charges due to unequal sharing of electrons, making them polar.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water.

Hydrophilic

Substances that attract water.

Phospholipid Structure

Phospholipids have both a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, making them both attracted to and repelled by water.

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Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances.

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High Specific Heat

Water resists temperature changes, which is important for living things.

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Functions of Carbohydrates/Lipids

Carbohydrates provide energy and structure; lipids store energy and form cell membranes.

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Protein Monomers

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds to form long chains called polypeptides.

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Competitive Inhibition

A type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of the enzyme.

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Noncompetitive Inhibition

A type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor molecule binds to a site on the enzyme other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and making it less effective.

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DNA and RNA Monomers

Both DNA and RNA are polymers made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Protein Diversity

Proteins are diverse due to the variety of amino acids and their different R-groups, which determine the protein's shape and function.

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Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction

A chemical reaction that is sped up by an enzyme, which specifically binds to a substrate at its active site and facilitates the formation of products.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme, leading to the buildup of phenylalanine in the body.

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Macromolecule Affected by Diet Coke

The consumption of Diet Coke impacts proteins, specifically the PAH enzyme, due to the presence of phenylalanine.

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Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Enzyme-Catalyzed Activation Energy

The activation energy required for a reaction when an enzyme is present. It is typically lower than without the enzyme.

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Endothermic or Exothermic?

Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, while exothermic reactions release energy into the surroundings.

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Energy Gained/Released

The difference in energy between reactants and products.

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What do A + B and C + D represent?

A + B represent the reactants (starting materials) of the chemical reaction, while C + D represent the products (final substances) of the reaction.

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Point of Saturation

The point where increasing the concentration of a substrate will no longer increase the rate of a reaction, as all enzyme active sites are occupied.

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Enzyme Specificity

Each enzyme can only catalyze a specific type of reaction, due to the shape and charge of its active site that only complements certain substrates.

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Why is an enzyme specific to its substrate?

The substrate's molecular structure must be able to bind to the enzyme's active site. The enzyme active site and the substrate have complementary shapes and charges.

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Enzyme Inhibition

A process that slows down or stops the activity of an enzyme by interfering with its ability to bind to its substrate or by altering its shape.

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Environmental conditions like pH, temperature, and the presence of certain molecules can significantly impact enzyme function.

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What disrupts an enzyme's active site?

Acids, bases, high temperatures, and salts can all disrupt the weak hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of an enzyme's active site, making it less effective.

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Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

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What is a Nucleotide?

The building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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What is Hydrolysis?

A chemical reaction that breaks down a large molecule into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule.

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What is Genetic Material?

The biological instructions that determine the traits and characteristics of an organism; usually stored in DNA.

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What is Molecule A?

Molecule A is a polypeptide, which is a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

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What process forms Molecule A?

The process demonstrated is dehydration synthesis, where water is removed to create a bond between monomers (amino acids) to form a polymer (polypeptide).

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What are molecules like Molecule B?

Molecules like Molecule B are found in lipids, which are fats and oils.

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How to measure enzyme speed?

The speed of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be determined by measuring the amount of product formed over a specific time period.

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What does the enzyme diagram show?

The diagram demonstrates that enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

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Why does catalase activity have a peak at 35°C?

Catalase is most effective at temperatures around 35°C because it is the optimal temperature for its structure and function. However, at higher temperatures, it starts to denature, losing its shape and activity.

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Where is nitrogen incorporated?

Nitrogen is incorporated into nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

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Where is phosphorus incorporated?

Phosphorus is incorporated into amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

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Study Notes

Unit 2 Study Guide

  • Water Molecules: Draw four interacting water molecules, showing partial charges, one covalent bond, and one hydrogen bond.
  • Polarity of Water: Water molecules are polar due to electronegativity differences between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is more electronegative, pulling shared electrons closer, creating partial negative and positive charges.
  • Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic: Hydrophobic substances repel water, while hydrophilic substances attract water.
  • Phospholipids: Phospholipid molecules are both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) due to their structure. The phosphate head is hydrophilic; the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
  • Phospholipid Bilayer: Draw a diagram of a phospholipid bilayer, labeling the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules stick to each other (cohesion) and to other surfaces (adhesion). Cohesion and adhesion are important for water transport in plants.

Carbohydrates and Lipids

  • Carbohydrate Functions: Describe the major functions of carbohydrates.
  • Lipid Functions: Describe the major functions of lipids.

Proteins

  • Protein Monomers: The monomers of proteins are amino acids.
  • Protein Polymer: The polymer of proteins is a polypeptide, or protein.
  • Amino Acid Diagram: Draw a diagram of an amino acid, labeling all components.
  • Enzyme Inhibition: Draw a diagram distinguishing between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.

DNA and RNA

  • DNA/RNA Monomers: Both DNA and RNA are polymers made from monomers called nucleotides.
  • Diagram Labeling: Label a diagram of a DNA strand with the correct components, for example, A, B, and C.

Protein Structure

  • Protein Diversity: Proteins are diverse due to the different arrangements of amino acids, R-groups, and the formation of peptide bonds.

Enzyme Structure and Function

  • Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction: Draw a 3-panel diagram of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, labeling the enzyme, active site, substrate, and products.
  • Diet Coke and Phenylketonuria: Explain how the consumption of Diet Coke can affect individuals with Phenylketonuria.

Enzyme Kinetics

  • Activation Energy: Label the activation energy in the provided diagram.
  • Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Comparison: Sketch in a line to represent the activation energy of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, showing a comparison with a non-enzyme catalyzed reaction. Explain if the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
  • Reaction Progress: Identify what A + B and C + D represent in the diagram.
  • Enzyme Saturation: Graph what point of saturation would look like for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
  • Potato Catalase Lab: Explain which trial in the potato catalase lab represented saturation.

Enzyme Specificity

  • Enzyme Specificity: Explain why an enzyme is specific in its catalysis. Describe the importance of the active site's shape and charge in fitting the substrate.

Activation energy and Catalysts

  • Activation Energy: Describe what activation energy is.
  • Catalyst: Describe what a catalyst is.

Biological Macromolecule Subunits

  • Nucleotide Subunits: Identify the smaller subunits found in a nucleotide (e.g., phosphate, nitrogenous base, deoxyribose).
  • Saturated/Unsaturated: Explain which biological macromolecule category (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids) is categorized as saturated or unsaturated.
  • Disaccharide to Monosaccharide: Describe the chemical process involved in converting disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Macromolecule Identification

  • Genetic Material: Identify the macromolecule that stores genetic material.
  • Enzyme Complex: Explain what happens to the enzyme after an enzymatic reaction.
  • Covalent Bonds: Detail what a single covalent bond represents.
  • Molecular Formation: Describe the formation of a molecule formed from amino acids..
  • Molecular Structure/Components: Identify the types of molecules present in a structure (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins).

Enzyme Reaction Rate Determination

  • Enzyme-catalyzed Reaction: Explain methods for measuring the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Enzyme Activity and Temperature

  • Enzyme Activity Graph: Describe why the graph showing enzyme activity and temperature follows the pattern displayed.
  • Enzyme Temperature Optimum: Identify the temperature at which an enzyme functions best.
  • Enzyme Denaturation: Identify the process by which an enzyme loses its function at high temperatures.

Fertilizer Components

  • Macromolecular Incorporation: Explain how components of fertilizer are incorporated into specific macromolecules.

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Biology Honors Unit 2 Review PDF

Description

This study guide covers critical concepts related to water molecules, including their structure, polarity, and the behavior of hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Key topics include the phospholipid structure and the significance of cohesion and adhesion in water transport. Perfect for exam preparation in Unit 2 of biology.

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