BIO 110 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

**Study Guide for BIO 110 Exam 1**  **Elements, Atoms, & Molecules** - Understand trace elements essential for life. - Know atomic numbers, mass numbers, and how to determine the number of neutrons in an atom. - Familiarize yourself with isotopes and their characteristics. - Know w...

**Study Guide for BIO 110 Exam 1**  **Elements, Atoms, & Molecules** - Understand trace elements essential for life. - Know atomic numbers, mass numbers, and how to determine the number of neutrons in an atom. - Familiarize yourself with isotopes and their characteristics. - Know what makes an atom stable. - Identify conditions under which atoms form stable structures.  **Chemical Bonds and Interactions** - Differentiate between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. - Learn how covalent bonds are formed and the conditions under which they are polar. - Recognize chemical equilibrium and how it is achieved. - Understand what constitutes a compound.  **Properties of Water** - Understand the bonding in water molecules and how it leads to properties like cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion. - Learn why water has a high specific heat and how this affects its state (solid vs. liquid). - Know the definition and significance of kilocalories. - Understand why ice floats in liquid water and the properties of hydrophobic substances.  **Acids, Bases, and pH** - Recognize strong bases and the function of buffer solutions. - Be able to rank the pH levels of common substances like blood, stomach acid, and urine.  **Heat and Temperature Regulation** - Comprehend the effects of water\'s high surface tension. - Understand the difference in specific heat between land and water.  **Organic Molecules and Carbon** - Identify the unique characteristics of carbon that allow it to form complex organic molecules. - Understand how the atomic structure of carbon supports life on Earth. - Understand how many electrons a carbon atom must share to complete its valence shell. - Learn why the valency of carbon is 4 despite having 6 electrons.  **Isomers and Enantiomers** - Grasp the concept of isomers, including their structural differences and properties. - Know what enantiomers are and how they relate to drugs like ibuprofen.  **Functional Groups in Amino Acids** - Identify the two functional groups always present in amino acids.  **Phospholipids and Saturated Fats** - Understand the interaction between water molecules and phospholipids. - Recognize the characteristics of saturated fats and their differences from unsaturated fats. - Learn the role of hydrogen in the synthesis of \"hardened fats\" from vegetable oil.  **Polysaccharides & Starch Composition** - Identify the important polysaccharides in the structure of animal and fungal cells. - Know the components that make up starch, including amylopectin and amylose.  **Glucose Molecule** - Understand the classification of monosaccharides. - Differentiate between aldose and ketose sugars based on the position of the carbonyl group.