Biochemistry: Macromolecules Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What structure is responsible for allowing materials to pass in and out of the cell?

cell membrane

What is the function of the mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

provide energy

Name two organelles that collaborate to transport proteins within and out of a cell?

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus

Besides a cell membrane, what additional rigid layer do plant cells possess?

<p>cell wall</p>
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What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>storage for water</p>
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What are monomers and how do they relate to macromolecules?

<p>Monomers are the smaller building blocks that compose macromolecules, which are formed by linking many monomers together.</p>
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Identify the monomer of carbohydrates and name a common example.

<p>The monomer of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide, with glucose being a common example.</p>
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What distinguishes lipids from carbohydrates in terms of solubility?

<p>Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, whereas carbohydrates are generally soluble due to their polar nature.</p>
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Explain the role of proteins in biological systems.

<p>Proteins serve various functions including catalyzing reactions as enzymes, transporting oxygen via hemoglobin, and regulating bodily functions through hormones like insulin.</p>
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids in living organisms?

<p>Nucleic acids primarily store and transmit genetic information and code for protein synthesis.</p>
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Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

<p>Prokaryotic cells are small, single-celled organisms without a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are more complex and can be either single-celled or multicellular with a nucleus.</p>
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Name a type of polysaccharide and describe its function.

<p>Starch is a type of polysaccharide that serves as a food storage compound in plants.</p>
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What is the function of glycerol and fatty acids in lipids?

<p>Glycerol and three fatty acids form the monomers of lipids, primarily serving as structural components of cell membranes and energy storage.</p>
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Flashcards

Monomer

Smaller subunits that make up larger molecules.

Polymer

Large molecules made up of many smaller subunits.

Carbohydrate

A type of macromolecule that provides quick energy and is involved in cellular functions.

Monosaccharide

The basic building block of carbohydrates, also known as simple sugars.

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Lipid

Macromolecules composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

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Nucleotide

The basic building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Protein

Macromolecules composed of amino acids. They perform diverse functions in the body.

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Amino Acid

The basic building blocks of proteins, containing an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain.

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Cell Membrane

A thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. It's like a bouncer at a club, deciding who gets in.

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Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance inside the cell that supports organelles and allows molecules to move around. It's like the water in a fish tank, keeping everything alive and moving.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing energy (ATP). It's like the engine of a car, providing the energy for it to run.

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Nucleus

A large, spherical organelle that contains genetic information (DNA) and controls the cell's activities. It's like the brain of the cell, directing all operations.

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Chloroplast

A green organelle found only in plants, responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting sunlight into energy. It's like the solar panels of a plant, capturing sunlight to create energy.

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Study Notes

Biochemistry: Macromolecules

  • Monomer: Building blocks of macromolecules. Prefix "Mono" = one, Suffix "Mer" = unit.
  • Polymer: Many monomers joined together. Used to build essential structures for survival.

Types of Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Composed of C, H, and O.
    • Monomer: Monosaccharides (simple sugars). Ends typically in -ose.
    • Function: Quick energy source, cellular functions.
    • Types:
      • Disaccharides: Two sugars bonded together.
      • Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates from chains of monosaccharides.
        • Starch: Plant food storage.
        • Cellulose: Plant cell wall structure.
        • Glycogen: Animal food storage.
        • Chitin: Fungi cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.
  • Lipids: Consist of C, H, and O (less O than carbohydrates).
    • Monomer: Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
    • Insoluble: In water (hydrophobic).
    • Main component of cell membranes: Phospholipids.
    • Functions: Cell signaling (steroids, hormones).
  • Nucleic Acids: Contain C, H, O, N, and P.
    • Monomer: Nucleotides.
    • Function: Store and transmit genetic information, code for protein synthesis.
    • Types: DNA and RNA.
  • Proteins: Composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S.
    • Monomer: Amino acids.
    • Diverse Roles: Enzymes, insulin, hemoglobin (oxygen transport), muscle fibers.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms with simple structures. Primarily bacteria.

  • Eukaryotes: Can be single-celled or multicellular, complex structures. Found in animals and plants.

  • Cells: Building blocks of life; All living things are composed of one or more cells. Basic units of structure and function.

    • Cell Components (eukaryotes):
      • Cell membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
      • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like liquid within the cell.
      • Ribosomes: Produce proteins.
      • Other Organelles like mitochondria (energy production), nucleus (genetic center), endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus (protein transport).
      • Plant cells: Rigid cell walls, vacuoles (water storage), chloroplasts (photosynthesis).

  • Functions vary between cell types: Parts of cells have specific functions, and cells are different in plants and animals

  • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions is essential for all organisms.

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