Biology 30 Final Exam Prep PDF

BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP What is the definition of life? All living things… 1.​ Are Composed of Cells 2.​ Have different levels of organisation 3.​ Use Energy 4.​ Respond to their Environment 5.​ Grow 6.​ Reproduce 7.​ Adapt to their Environment What did aristo...

BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP What is the definition of life? All living things… 1.​ Are Composed of Cells 2.​ Have different levels of organisation 3.​ Use Energy 4.​ Respond to their Environment 5.​ Grow 6.​ Reproduce 7.​ Adapt to their Environment What did aristotle prove? Spontaneous generation What did Francesco Redi disprove? Spontaneous generation (Proved maggots came from flies not decaying meat) What did Louis Pasteur oppose? Spontaneous generation What did Miller and Urey prove? abiogenesis What is spontaneous generation? Life from life What is biogenesis? All organisms from other organism (Living things from living things) What is abiogenesis? Organic compounds from inorganic source (living things from nonliving things) What is endosymbiosis? A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other What are the 3 parts of cell theory? 1.​ all living things are made of cells 2.​ cells are the basic unit of life 3.​ all cells from other cells What is the cell wall of a bacteria made of? peptidoglycan What is the cell wall of algae made of? Cellulose  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP What is the cell wall of fungi made of? Chitin What is the phospholipid bilayer made of? phospholipids What are the two types of transport? Active and passive transport What are 2 examples of active transport? Endocytosis and exocytosis What are 3 examples of passive transport? Osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What is the stroma? The goo or the aqueous substance surrounding thylakoids containing enzymes for the dark reaction What are thylakoids? Structure containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light reaction Describe the light reaction. 1.​ Photon enters PS2 releasing an electron a)​ Water splits into hydrogen and oxygen ions b)​ Oxygen diffuses out while hydrogen stays in the thylakoid lumen  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP 2.​ Electron (energized by photon) moves to the cytochrome complex to transport hydrogen from the stroma and into the thylakoid lumen 3.​ High concentration of hydrogen ions inside thylakoids exits through the ATP synthase into the stroma a)​ ATP Synthase spins as hydrogen moves through, Creating energy to transfer into ADP and P to make ATP in the stroma 4.​ Electron gets recharged by another photon at PS1. Electron transfers to NADP and it combines h+ to make NADPH in the stroma. Describe the dark reaction. 1.​ Fixation: 3xCo2 combines wit 3xRuBP using rubisco to make 6x3PGA 2.​ Reduction: Use energy from ATP and an electron to form NADPH to reduce 6x3PGA *One molecule of G3P leaves and becomes glucose* 3.​ Regeneration: use remaining ATP to turn remaining 5xG3P into 3xRuBP What does ATP stand for? Adenosine triphosphate Describe aerobic respiration. a)​ Oxygen respiration b)​ Happens in the mitochondria How many ATP do you get from aerobic respiration? 38 Describe anaerobic respiration. a)​ No oxygen respiration b)​ Happens in the cytoplasm How many ATP do you get from anaerobic respiration? 2 Describe cilia. Short hair like structures that surround certain cells Sway back and forth to create movement and use ATP to do so Describe flagella. One long hair like structure Many bacteria and protist have flagella Describe pseudopods. Sends out an extension is its cell membrane and cytoplasm and then drags the rest of the cell towards it Are more commonly known as an amoeba Describe mutualism. Both benefit  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP Describe commensalism. One benefits while the other is unaffected Describe parasitism. One benefits while the other is harmed Describe amensalism. One is harmed/destroyed and the other is unaffected What is a metallotolerant? Can tolerate extreme levels of metal What is a cryophile? Can tolerate extreme cold What is an xerophile? Can tolerate extreme drought What is an acidophile? Can tolerate extremely low ph What is a halophile? Can tolerate extreme levels of salt What are the 7 levels of classification? 1.​ Kingdom 2.​ Phylum 3.​ Class 4.​ Order 5.​ Family 6.​ Genus 7.​ Species What are the 3 domains? 1.​ Archaea: unicellular prokaryotes 2.​ Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotes 3.​ Eukaria: unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes What are the 5 kingdoms? 1.​ Animalia: the animals 2.​ Plantae: the plants 3.​ Fungi: the funguses and related organisms 4.​ Protista: single celled organisms 5.​ Monera: the prokaryotes  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP What is innate behaviour? The genetically built in to an organism rather than learned What is learned behaviour? A behavior that an organism develops as a result of an experience What is sexual reproduction? The production of a new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes What are the advantages of sexual reproduction? 1.​ Increases genetic variation 2.​ Species can adapt giving then survival advantage What are disadvantages of sexual reproduction? 1.​ Takes time and energy to find a mate 2.​ Difficult for isolated members of a species to reproduce What is asexual reproduction? Mode of reproduction in which an offspring is produced by one parent What are the advantages of asexual reproduction? 1.​ Faster than sexual reproduction 2.​ More energy efficient 3.​ Does not require two parents What are disadvantages of asexual reproduction? 1.​ Population with low genetic diversity 2.​ Compound genetic mutations 3.​ Increased resource competition What is evolution? Evolution means “Change over time” What is evolutionary theory? The collection of scientific facts, observations and hypotheses that attempt to explain the diversity of life on earth Who is Charles Darwin? Who is George Cuvier? Pioneer in paleontology  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP How did George Cuvier influence Charles Darwin? Cuvier discovered that deeper and older strata contain fossils that are increasingly different from living species. He noted that the older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life forms. He also discovered many “sudden changes” in the kinds of fossils found in one stratum compared to the next stratum. Who is James Hutton? Father of geology How did James Hutton influence Charles Darwin? Hutton’s hypothesis included the following ideas: Layers of rock form very slowly. Some rocks are moved up by forces beneath Earth’s surface to form mountains. Mountains and valleys are shaped by natural forces such as rain, wind, and fluctuating temperatures. These processes occur slowly over millions of years. Who is Charles Lyell? Developed the principle of uniformitarianism How did Charles Lyell influence Charles Darwin? Lyell developed the Principle of Uniformitarianism. Principle of Uniformitarianism: The mechanisms of change are uniform over time. The same geologic forces that were active in the past are still operating today. Who is Jean Baptiste Lamarck? The first scientist to say “living organisms have changed over time” How did Jean Baptiste Lamarck influence Charles Darwin? Theory of Acquired Characteristics: Individuals acquire traits during their lifetime as a result of their experience or behavior, and then pass these traits to their offspring. Although Lamarck’s theory was quickly rejected, it was important for several reasons: a) Lamarck was the first to recognize that organisms change over time. b) He was the first to develop a hypothesis about evolution. c) He was among the first to propose that organisms are adapted to their environment. Who is Thomas Malthus? Malthus believed that if the human population continued to grow at such a rapid rate, eventually there would not be enough space or food to support the population. How did Thomas Malthus influence Charles Darwin? Darwin realized that these same ideas applied even more strongly to the plants and animals living on Earth. For example: Darwin realized that a plant produced thousands of seeds, but only a small number would germinate and grow into new plants. Off those seeds that did germinate, only a small number of them would be successful in their own reproduction  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP Describe descent with modification. Hypothesized that all organisms descended from a common ancestor that lived in the remote past and that species were able to change over time. Describe selective breeding. A method of breeding that allows only the individuals within an organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation What are the 8 concepts of natural selection? Describe fossil records. The record held within the strata of the history of life on earth What is a fossil? The remains or traces of an organism that died long ago Describe biogeography. The geographic distribution of organisms across the earth Describe homologous structures. Looking the same between species that have a common ancestor but having a different job Describe embryology. The study of embryos and their development Describe the study of biological molecules. Scientist who observe similarities among organisms at the molecular level What does LUCA stand for? Last Universal Common Ancestor What are 2 examples of evolution in progress? Insecticide and insecticide resistant insects What is extinction? What is adaptive radiation? The sudden appearance of many new species when organisms move into unoccupied habitats and niches. What is covenant evolution? The process by which different species evolve similar traits. Closely related organisms  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP share characteristics because of common descent. What is divergent evolution? closely related species become more and more dissimilar. What is coevolution? The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. What is punctuated equilibrium? Term used to describe a pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change. What is evolution? Evolution means “Change over time” What is evolutionary theory? The collection of scientific facts, observations and hypotheses that attempt to explain the diversity of life on earth Who is Charles Darwin? Who is George Cuvier? Pioneer in paleontology How did George Cuvier influence Charles Darwin? Cuvier discovered that deeper and older strata contain fossils that are increasingly different from living species. He noted that the older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life forms. He also discovered many “sudden changes” in the kinds of fossils found in one stratum compared to the next stratum. Who is James Hutton? Father of geology How did James Hutton influence Charles Darwin? Hutton’s hypothesis included the following ideas: Layers of rock form very slowly. Some rocks are moved up by forces beneath Earth’s surface to form mountains. Mountains and valleys are shaped by natural forces such as rain, wind, and fluctuating temperatures. These processes occur slowly over millions of years. Who is Charles Lyell? Developed the principle of uniformitarianism  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP How did Charles Lyell influence Charles Darwin? Lyell developed the Principle of Uniformitarianism. Principle of Uniformitarianism: The mechanisms of change are uniform over time. The same geologic forces that were active in the past are still operating today. Who is Jean Baptiste Lamarck? The first scientist to say “living organisms have changed over time” How did Jean Baptiste Lamarck influence Charles Darwin? Theory of Acquired Characteristics: Individuals acquire traits during their lifetime as a result of their experience or behavior, and then pass these traits to their offspring. Although Lamarck’s theory was quickly rejected, it was important for several reasons: a) Lamarck was the first to recognize that organisms change over time. b) He was the first to develop a hypothesis about evolution. c) He was among the first to propose that organisms are adapted to their environment. Who is Thomas Malthus? Malthus believed that if the human population continued to grow at such a rapid rate, eventually there would not be enough space or food to support the population. How did Thomas Malthus influence Charles Darwin? Darwin realized that these same ideas applied even more strongly to the plants and animals living on Earth. For example: Darwin realized that a plant produced thousands of seeds, but only a small number would germinate and grow into new plants. Off those seeds that did germinate, only a small number of them would be successful in their own reproduction Describe descent with modification. Hypothesized that all organisms descended from a common ancestor that lived in the remote past and that species were able to change over time. Describe selective breeding. A method of breeding that allows only the individuals within an organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation What are the 8 concepts of natural selection? Describe fossil records. The record held within the strata of the history of life on earth What is a fossil? The remains or traces of an organism that died long ago  BIOLOGY 30 FINAL EXAM PREP Describe biogeography. The geographic distribution of organisms across the earth Describe homologous structures. Looking the same between species that have a common ancestor but having a different job Describe embryology. The study of embryos and their development Describe the study of biological molecules. Scientist who observe similarities among organisms at the molecular level What does LUCA stand for? Last Universal Common Ancestor What are 2 examples of evolution in progress? Insecticide and insecticide resistant insects What is extinction? What is adaptive radiation? The sudden appearance of many new species when organisms move into unoccupied habitats and niches. What is covenant evolution? The process by which different species evolve similar traits. Closely related organisms share characteristics because of common descent. What is divergent evolution? closely related species become more and more dissimilar. What is coevolution? The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. What is punctuated equilibrium? Term used to describe a pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change.