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Questions and Answers
What principle did Thomas Malthus propose regarding the human population?
What principle did Thomas Malthus propose regarding the human population?
Descent with modification proposes that all organisms come from different ancestors.
Descent with modification proposes that all organisms come from different ancestors.
False (B)
What does LUCA stand for?
What does LUCA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
The __________ structures are similar in different species due to a common ancestor but serve different functions.
The __________ structures are similar in different species due to a common ancestor but serve different functions.
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Match the terms related to evolution with their definitions:
Match the terms related to evolution with their definitions:
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Which of the following best describes biogeography?
Which of the following best describes biogeography?
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What does divergent evolution refer to?
What does divergent evolution refer to?
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Extinction is when a species evolves new traits to survive.
Extinction is when a species evolves new traits to survive.
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Provide an example of evolution in progress.
Provide an example of evolution in progress.
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Punctuated equilibrium describes a pattern of rapid change followed by long periods of stability.
Punctuated equilibrium describes a pattern of rapid change followed by long periods of stability.
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Who is considered the father of geology?
Who is considered the father of geology?
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Charles Darwin was influenced by George Cuvier's discovery that __________.
Charles Darwin was influenced by George Cuvier's discovery that __________.
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Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
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Which process describes the evolutionary changes that occur between two species in response to each other's changes?
Which process describes the evolutionary changes that occur between two species in response to each other's changes?
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck was the first to suggest that living organisms do not change over time.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck was the first to suggest that living organisms do not change over time.
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What is the collection of scientific facts, observations, and hypotheses that explain the diversity of life called?
What is the collection of scientific facts, observations, and hypotheses that explain the diversity of life called?
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What is the primary function of NADPH in the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of NADPH in the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
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Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
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How many levels are there in the classification hierarchy?
How many levels are there in the classification hierarchy?
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A __________ is an organism that can tolerate extreme levels of salt.
A __________ is an organism that can tolerate extreme levels of salt.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Cilia are long hair-like structures that enable movement in cells.
Cilia are long hair-like structures that enable movement in cells.
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What type of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm without oxygen?
What type of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm without oxygen?
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Which of the following concepts was recognized first by Lamarck?
Which of the following concepts was recognized first by Lamarck?
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Thomas Malthus believed that the human population could grow indefinitely without any limitations.
Thomas Malthus believed that the human population could grow indefinitely without any limitations.
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What is the main premise of descent with modification?
What is the main premise of descent with modification?
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The _____ of organisms helps scientists understand their evolutionary history.
The _____ of organisms helps scientists understand their evolutionary history.
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What term describes an organism's selective propagation based on desired traits?
What term describes an organism's selective propagation based on desired traits?
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LUCA stands for Last Universal Common Ancestor.
LUCA stands for Last Universal Common Ancestor.
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What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
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Asexual reproduction leads to higher genetic diversity compared to sexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction leads to higher genetic diversity compared to sexual reproduction.
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Who is known as the father of geology?
Who is known as the father of geology?
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The theory that explains the changes in Earth's geological processes is known as the principle of ______.
The theory that explains the changes in Earth's geological processes is known as the principle of ______.
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Match the scientist with their contribution to evolutionary theory:
Match the scientist with their contribution to evolutionary theory:
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What is a primary advantage of asexual reproduction?
What is a primary advantage of asexual reproduction?
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Charles Lyell's work emphasized that geological changes occurred in swift, sudden events.
Charles Lyell's work emphasized that geological changes occurred in swift, sudden events.
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What significant observation did George Cuvier make about fossils?
What significant observation did George Cuvier make about fossils?
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What is one of the three parts of cell theory?
What is one of the three parts of cell theory?
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Aristotle disapproved of the concept of spontaneous generation.
Aristotle disapproved of the concept of spontaneous generation.
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What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?
What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?
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Miller and Urey proved the concept of _____ by demonstrating that organic compounds could be created from inorganic sources.
Miller and Urey proved the concept of _____ by demonstrating that organic compounds could be created from inorganic sources.
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Match the following structures with their descriptions:
Match the following structures with their descriptions:
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Which of the following describes endosymbiosis?
Which of the following describes endosymbiosis?
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Photosynthesis occurs only in the dark.
Photosynthesis occurs only in the dark.
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Name one example of active transport.
Name one example of active transport.
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Study Notes
Biology 30 Final Exam Prep
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Definition of Life: All living things are composed of cells, have different organizational levels, use energy, respond to their environment, grow, reproduce, and adapt to their environment.
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Aristotle's Theory: Proposed spontaneous generation (life arising from non-living matter).
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Francesco Redi's Experiment: Disproved spontaneous generation for maggots (maggots come from flies, not decaying meat).
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Louis Pasteur's Experiment: Further disproved spontaneous generation.
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Miller-Urey Experiment: Supported the theory of abiogenesis (life from non-living matter) by showing how organic compounds could be formed from inorganic materials
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Spontaneous Generation: The idea that living organisms can arise from non-living matter. Disproven by scientific experiments.
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Biogenesis: The principle that living organisms arise only from other living organisms
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Abiogenesis: The theory that life arises from non-living matter.
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Endosymbiosis: A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other.
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Cell Theory:
- All living things are made of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- All cells come from preexisting cells.
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Bacterial Cell Wall Composition: Peptidoglycan.
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Algae Cell Wall Composition: Cellulose.
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Types of Transport:
- Active Transport: Endocytosis, exocytosis.
- Passive Transport: Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion.
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Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
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Stroma: The aqueous substance surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.
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Thylakoids: Membranous sacs containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Light Reaction Description:
- Photon excites electrons in photosystem II (PSII).
- Water splits into hydrogen and oxygen ions.
- Oxygen diffuses out, hydrogen remains in thylakoid lumen.
- Electron transport chain moves electrons to photosystem I (PSI).
- ATP synthase spins, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
- Electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
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Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) Description:
- Carbon dioxide combines with 5-carbon molecule RuBP using rubisco to form 3-PGA
- Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are utilized to reduce 3-PGA.
- One G3P molecule leaves to form glucose.
- Remaining G3P molecules regenerate RuBP for further reactions.
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Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen-dependent cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria, producing 38 ATP.
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Anaerobic Respiration: Cellular respiration without oxygen, occurring in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP.
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Cilia: Short, hair-like structures that move fluids or particles along cell surfaces.
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Flagella: Long, whip-like structures used for locomotion.
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Pseudopods: Temporary projections of cytoplasm used for movement and feeding in some cells.
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Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
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Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
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Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.
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Amensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism is harmed, and the other is unaffected.
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Different Extremophiles: Cryophile (cold-tolerant), xerophile (drought-tolerant), acidophile (acid-tolerant), and halophile (salt-tolerant).
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Levels of Biological Classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.
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Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera
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Innate Behavior: Genetically determined behavior.
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Learned Behavior: Behavior acquired through experience.
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Sexual Reproduction: Combining genetic material from two parents
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Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction from a single parent
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction: Increases genetic diversity
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Advantages of Asexual Reproduction: Faster reproduction, doesn't need mates
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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction/Asexual Reproduction: Reduced genetic diversity, limited adaptability
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Evolution: The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary Theory: Explanation of the diversity of life through scientific investigations.
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Charles Darwin: Developed theory of natural selection
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George Cuvier: Pioneer in paleontology, observed sudden changes in fossils
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James Hutton: Father of geology
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck: Early evolutionist, theory of acquired characteristics
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Charles Lyell: Developed principle of uniformitarianism (forces shaping Earth are constant)
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Thomas Malthus: Population growth limited by resources
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Descent with modification: Organisms descended from common ancestors, gradually changing over time
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Selective Breeding: Choosing organisms with desired traits for breeding
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Fossil Records: Evidence of past life forms preserved in rock.
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Biogeography: Study of geographic distribution of organisms.
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Homologous Structures: Similar structures with different functions, indicating common ancestry.
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Embryology: Study of embryos
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Biological Molecules: Study compares the similarities of molecules in organisms showing evolutionary relationships
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LUCA: Last Universal Common Ancestor
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Extinction: The end of an organism or group of organisms
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Adaptive Radiation: Species rapidly diversifying from a common ancestor, filling various niches in a newly available environment
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Covalent evolution: Organisms changing in response to changes in another organism
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Divergent Evolution: Related species becoming more dissimilar over time
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Punctuated Equilibrium: periods of rapid change separated by periods of little or no change in a species over time.
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Description
Prepare for your Biology 30 final exam with this comprehensive quiz covering key concepts such as the definition of life, theories of spontaneous generation, and the experiments of notable scientists like Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur. Test your understanding of biogenesis and abiogenesis, and strengthen your grasp of how life is formed and sustained.
