Biology 30 Final Exam Prep

Biology 30 Final Exam Prep

• Definition of Life: All living things are composed of cells, have different organizational levels, use energy, respond to their environment, grow, reproduce, and adapt to their environment.

• Aristotle's Theory: Proposed spontaneous generation (life arising from non-living matter).

• Francesco Redi's Experiment: Disproved spontaneous generation for maggots (maggots come from flies, not decaying meat).

• Louis Pasteur's Experiment: Further disproved spontaneous generation.

• Miller-Urey Experiment: Supported the theory of abiogenesis (life from non-living matter) by showing how organic compounds could be formed from inorganic materials

• Spontaneous Generation: The idea that living organisms can arise from non-living matter. Disproven by scientific experiments.

• Biogenesis: The principle that living organisms arise only from other living organisms

• Abiogenesis: The theory that life arises from non-living matter.

• Endosymbiosis: A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other.

• Cell Theory:

  • All living things are made of cells.
  • Cells are the basic unit of life.
  • All cells come from preexisting cells.

• Bacterial Cell Wall Composition: Peptidoglycan.

• Algae Cell Wall Composition: Cellulose.

• Types of Transport:

  • Active Transport: Endocytosis, exocytosis.
  • Passive Transport: Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion.

• Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

• Stroma: The aqueous substance surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.

• Thylakoids: Membranous sacs containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

• Light Reaction Description:

  • Photon excites electrons in photosystem II (PSII).
  • Water splits into hydrogen and oxygen ions.
  • Oxygen diffuses out, hydrogen remains in thylakoid lumen.
  • Electron transport chain moves electrons to photosystem I (PSI).
  • ATP synthase spins, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
  • Electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

• Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) Description:

  • Carbon dioxide combines with 5-carbon molecule RuBP using rubisco to form 3-PGA
  • Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are utilized to reduce 3-PGA.
  • One G3P molecule leaves to form glucose.
  • Remaining G3P molecules regenerate RuBP for further reactions.

• Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen-dependent cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria, producing 38 ATP.

• Anaerobic Respiration: Cellular respiration without oxygen, occurring in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP.

• Cilia: Short, hair-like structures that move fluids or particles along cell surfaces.

• Flagella: Long, whip-like structures used for locomotion.

• Pseudopods: Temporary projections of cytoplasm used for movement and feeding in some cells.

• Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

• Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

• Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

• Amensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism is harmed, and the other is unaffected.

• Different Extremophiles: Cryophile (cold-tolerant), xerophile (drought-tolerant), acidophile (acid-tolerant), and halophile (salt-tolerant).

• Levels of Biological Classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

• Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.

• Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera

• Innate Behavior: Genetically determined behavior.

• Learned Behavior: Behavior acquired through experience.

• Sexual Reproduction: Combining genetic material from two parents

• Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction from a single parent

• Advantages of Sexual Reproduction: Increases genetic diversity

• Advantages of Asexual Reproduction: Faster reproduction, doesn't need mates

• Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction/Asexual Reproduction: Reduced genetic diversity, limited adaptability

• Evolution: The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

• Evolutionary Theory: Explanation of the diversity of life through scientific investigations.

• Charles Darwin: Developed theory of natural selection

• George Cuvier: Pioneer in paleontology, observed sudden changes in fossils

• James Hutton: Father of geology

• Jean Baptiste Lamarck: Early evolutionist, theory of acquired characteristics

• Charles Lyell: Developed principle of uniformitarianism (forces shaping Earth are constant)

• Thomas Malthus: Population growth limited by resources

• Descent with modification: Organisms descended from common ancestors, gradually changing over time

• Selective Breeding: Choosing organisms with desired traits for breeding

• Fossil Records: Evidence of past life forms preserved in rock.

• Biogeography: Study of geographic distribution of organisms.

• Homologous Structures: Similar structures with different functions, indicating common ancestry.

• Embryology: Study of embryos

• Biological Molecules: Study compares the similarities of molecules in organisms showing evolutionary relationships

• LUCA: Last Universal Common Ancestor

• Extinction: The end of an organism or group of organisms

• Adaptive Radiation: Species rapidly diversifying from a common ancestor, filling various niches in a newly available environment

• Covalent evolution: Organisms changing in response to changes in another organism

• Divergent Evolution: Related species becoming more dissimilar over time

• Punctuated Equilibrium: periods of rapid change separated by periods of little or no change in a species over time.