2025 Biology 12 Exam Outline PDF

Biology 12 (Exam Guide for Semester 1 2025) Updates are coloured BLUE IMPORTANT are BOLD italics are suggestions Unit 1: Dynamic Equilibrium II Nervous System Review 1. Divisions of Nervous System flow chart diagram 2. Neurons: parts, types, impulses (sodium-potassium pump), s...

Biology 12 (Exam Guide for Semester 1 2025) Updates are coloured BLUE IMPORTANT are BOLD italics are suggestions Unit 1: Dynamic Equilibrium II Nervous System Review 1. Divisions of Nervous System flow chart diagram 2. Neurons: parts, types, impulses (sodium-potassium pump), synapse (neurotransmitters), excitatory and inhibitory neutrotransmitters 3. Reflex arc: 5 parts, what it is and how it happens 4. CNS: brain (parts and their functions), cerebral lobes (4) 5. PNS: function, somatic and autonomic nervous systems 6. Autonomic nervous system—function, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems—fight or flight! 7. Eye: parts and their functions; pathway of light through the eye, retina (rods and cones), how we see, disorder of the visual system no ear Endocrine System Review 1. Steroid and protein hormones—what they are and 1 example 2. Endocrine glands—where they are found in the body 3. Hormones: source, target organ and effect of the following hormones: thyroxine, insulin, glucagon, melatonin, luteinizing hormone (in males and females), follicle-stimulating hormone (in males and females), estrogen (in females) and testosterone (in males) 4. Insulin and glucagon: source and their role in maintaining blood glucose levels Unit 2: Reproduction and Development Review 1.​ Mitosis: purpose, phases. Be able to label diagrams showing mitosis phases 2.​ Meiosis: purpose, phases, crossing-over and non-disjunction Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis Be able to label diagrams showing meiosis I and II phases 3.​ Human development: fertilization (zygote), cleavage (what, when, where), gastrulation (what germ layers and what tissues and organs they form), differentiation 4.​ Embryology: zygote -> embryo -> fetus 5.​ Organs and functions for each reproductive system. 6.​ Oogenesis and spermatogenesis. 7.​ Menstrual Cycle! FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone, Why is day 14 significant? 8.​ Karyotyping: Down's syndrome (trisomy); nondisjunction (monosomy) Unit 3: Genetic Continuity Review The blue text is also your review for your January 7th test 1. Development of the DNA model (Chargaff, Wilkins/Franklin, Watson/Crick): Chargoff’s Rule 2. Double helix model: what it is, parts (deoxyribose, phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases and hydrogen bonds), 5’ and 3’ ends Good strategy: DRAW and label a DNA molecule 3. RNA: similarities and differences between RNA and DNA, mRNA (what it is used for), tRNA (what it is used for) 4. the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and proteins DIAGRAMS showing transcription and translation  5. Replication: semi-conservative model, the process (leading strand, lagging strand, and Okazaki fragments), the enzymes involved in the process. DIAGRAM - Label the enzymes 6. Transcription: RNA polymerase, the process (DNA template, mRNA, uracil) 7. Translation: the process (rRNA, ribosomes, mRNA, codons, tRNA, anticodons, amino acids), polypeptide chains - DIAGRAM 8. Inheritance: Mendelian Genetics (Mendel’s 3 Laws, monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, codominance (Punnett squares), sex-linked traits, multiple alleles, mutations, pedigrees—be able to use intergenerational information to figure out homozygous vs heterogeneous traits of individuals) 9. Genetic Disorders: Down's syndrome (trisomy) lution (less than 10%) 1. Evidence supporting evolution 2. Scientists contribution to the modern theory of evolution (Darwin) 3. Theory of natural selection 4. Industrial Melanism 5. Adaptive Radiation