BIOL360 Invertebrate Zoology Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

**BIOL360: Invertebrate Zoology** **Exam 1 Study Guide** Remember---anything from the first week through the last lecture before the exam is fair game! Words that are bolded in the powerpoint slides are vocabulary terms that I think are important to know. In general, it's good to know the names of...

**BIOL360: Invertebrate Zoology** **Exam 1 Study Guide** Remember---anything from the first week through the last lecture before the exam is fair game! Words that are bolded in the powerpoint slides are vocabulary terms that I think are important to know. In general, it's good to know the names of the phyla, how animals in that group reproduce, what kind of habitats they live in (marine, terrestrial, freshwater), and what differentiates one phylum from another that may seem similar. **Week 1: Intro to Invertebrates** Themes: what reasons do we have to study invertebrates, how do invertebrates contribute to the world, evolution of unicellular life, invertebrate classification systems (embryology/development, body symmetry, body cavity types), phylogenies and what may cause them to change or be updated over time, why is classification important? **Week 2: Phylum Annelida; hydrostatic skeleton** Hydrostatic skeleton: what is it, how does it work (e.g., how does it enable movement?), why is it best in marine/aquatic environments, what is the role of paired longitudinal and circular muscles in locomotion? Phylum Annelida: what are the defining characteristics, what is metamerism, how do septa help enable locomotion, what are the three major groups within the Annelida and what are the characteristics of each, which group includes the most species, what are the appendage-like projections on most of their segments, errant vs sessile groups, what are some different life history strategies they have (e.g., living near deep sea thermal vents; epitoky; trochophore larvae), how do we now know the Siboglinidae belong within the Annelida, what is unique about the Echiura, what is different about the Sipuncula compared with other Annelida, what is different about Hirudinea and Oligochaeta reproduction compared to the polychaetes (e.g., no trochophore larvae) **Weeks 3&4: Phylum Arthropoda and related phyla (Onychophora, Tardigrada)** Phylum Arthropoda: what are the defining characteristics of this group, what are the reasons arthropods (and especially insects) have been so successful as a group, what is the exoskeleton made of, how does the exoskeleton aid in locomotion, what is ecdysis and why is it used to help classify animals from multiple phyla (the "Ecdysozoa"), what is an open circulatory system, what are the two kinds of eyes arthropods can have, what are the different subphyla and classes that we talked about, and what differentiates each from the others, why are insects very important to human society, what is the difference between hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects, how do insects perform gas exchange, how was insect flight made possible, how do the various classes of crustacea differ from each other. Phyla Tardigrada and Onychophora: what similarities do these have with arthropods (and/or each other), and how are they different, what appendages do they use for locomotion, where can tardigrades be found, what is cryptobiosis and how were tardigrades' cryptobiotic abilities tested, what are oral papillae and how do velvet worms use them/what strategy do velvet worms use to capture and subdue prey, what similarities do velvet worms share with annelids **Week 5: Phylum Nematoda and related phyla (Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera)** Phylum Nematoda: why do nematodes have such a round cross section, what morphological characteristics do taxonomists use to differentiate between species, how are nematodes different from annelids, why are they included as part of the Ecdysozoa, what is the cuticle made out of, why is locomotion limited especially when compared with that of annelids, what anatomical structure to plant parasitic nematodes have that helps them feed on plants, what are some strategies farmers can use to limit the presence of PPNs, why is it not recommended to overmedicate humans and animals for parasites, what are strategies that can be used to reduce parasite prevalence on farms, describe the complex life cycle of a filarial parasite (e.g., Onchocerca volvulus), what criteria must be met for a species to be a candidate for eradication, why is the guinea worm a potential candidate for eradication Related phyla: what are the "Cycloneuralia" and why are they called that, what characteristics do Cycloneuralians share, what is the life history strategy of nematomorphs and why don't they have a digestive tract in the adult stage, how are nematomorphs different from nematodes, where are priapulids found, do priapulids have free-living larvae, how do the Kinorhyncha use their introvert for locomotion, how were the loriciferans discovered, do loriciferans have a larval form and what is it called **Week 6: Phyla Porifera and Placozoa** Phylum Porifera: what are the defining characteristics, what are the major types of cells they include and what do the cell types do, what are ostia/the atrium/the osculum and what is the path of water flowing through these structures, what are gemmules, describe the three different types of body construction, what are spicules and how are they used in classification, which class includes most sponge species, describe the symbiotic relationship between Venus's flower basket and a species of shrimp, what are different strategies sponges use for sexual and asexual reproduction Phylum Placozoa: will cover in class!