BIOL2301 Lecture 01 PDF

Characteristics that describe living things Energy Production & Consumption Producing energy & using it to do things Metabolism – sum of the chemical reactions that drive life functions Anabolism – building large molecules from small molecules Catabolism – breaking larg...

Characteristics that describe living things Energy Production & Consumption Producing energy & using it to do things Metabolism – sum of the chemical reactions that drive life functions Anabolism – building large molecules from small molecules Catabolism – breaking large molecules into small molecules Growth & Repair Increasing size and specialization depending on form and function Mechanisms to fix malfunctioning cells Adaptation Responsiveness – ability to sense and react to stimuli (change) in the environment Homeostasis – ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment Reproduction Replication of cells for growth and repair (cellular level) Create new organisms (organismal level) Levels of organization in the body Chemical Level – the atoms and molecules that make up the basic components of the cell. Cellular Level – the basic building blocks of tissues. Cells have distinct functions with their respective unique position with the body. Tissue Level – made up of similar cells with a common function. 4 basic types: Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous Organ Level – two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body that no other organ can perform System Level – multiple organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose Organismal level – represents the sum total of the structural levels working together to promote life. Cell Theory All living organisms are comprised of one or more cells Behavior of individual cells will affect the overall function of the organism Cells are the fundamental unit of life Carry out metabolic activity that allows for biological work Cells originate only from preexisting cells Hereditary information is used to generate biomolecules; allows reproduction Cells are the Living Unit of Life Building blocks of tissue Have the machinery to maintain homeostasis All cells have three basic shared components Membrane Genetic material Cytosolic fluid Human cells also have Membrane-bound organelles leading to compartmentalization and complexity Gene expression leading to specialization Cell differentiation Development of specific and distinctive features and functions in cells Typically irreversible All cells during early development start off as totipotent (stem cells) As tissues and organs form, the cells responsible for those function differentiate so that they can perform those specialty functions Tissues Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function Four basic types Epithelium = covering Connective = support Muscle = movement Nervous = control Most organs combine all 4 tissue types and their arrangement determines organ structures & capabilities Integrating Tissues: Organs A structure composed of 2+ tissues that work together to form a specific complex function Each of the different tissues must work together to accomplish the function Intro to the organ systems Integumentary System Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands & oil glands Protection, defense & body temperature regulation Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nerves Detection of internal & external signals and coordination of physiological responses Musculoskeletal System Bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons & ligaments Movement, support & protection, blood cell production Intro to the organ systems (cont. 1) Respiratory System Nasal passage, trachea & lungs Route of entry for air & regulation of gas levels in blood Cardiovascular System Heart, blood vessels & blood Movement of blood through body to carry materials through the body Immune & Lymphatic Systems Lymphoid tissues, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, & immunocytes Defense against pathogens &return of lymphatic fluid to blood Endocrine System Hormone secreting glands (thyroid, pancreas, pituitary, adrenal & parathyroid) Coordination of growth, metabolism, reproduction & physiological homeostasis) Intro to the organ systems (cont. 2) Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra Conditioning of the blood, regulation of plasma volume & excretion Digestive System Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder & pancreas Coordinated digestion of food matter & nutrient absorption Reproductive System : Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis & sex glands : Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina & mammary glands Production of gametes, sex steroids & subsequent embryonic development ( ) Regional Anatomical terms Two main regions Axial: includes head, neck, and trunk Appendicular: includes arms and legs and their girdles Specific Regions within the two main regions. Regional Anatomical terms Two main regions Axial: includes head, neck, and trunk Appendicular: includes arms and legs Specific Regions within the two main regions. The Body Cavities Cavity is a hollow area within the body A true cavity is a fluid-filled space Named for either the bones that surround them or the organs contained within Posterior Aspect (Dorsal Cavity) Completely encased in bone Physically and Developmentally separate from the Ventral cavity Two continuous cavities Cranial cavity – houses the brain Vertebral (spinal) cavity – houses spinal cord Ventral Cavity Larger and anteriorly placed Lined with a serous membrane Divided into 2 subdivisions by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Serosa Serosa or serous membranes are membranes that surround the organs in the ventral cavities Dual-layered: folded in itself (two parts) Parietal: fused to the cavity wall Visceral: nearest the organs (viscera) The space between the two walls are filled with a thin layer of fluid (serous) Allows for the limited free movement of organs without friction Named for the specific cavity/organ associated with. Example: parietal pericardium -or- visceral peritoneum The thoracic cavity, pt 1 Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest Three compartments Pleural cavities (2) Surrounded by a two-layer serous membrane – pleura Outer layer is parietal: associated with thoracic wall Inner layer is visceral: associated with lung Filled with serous fluid Surrounds the lungs Mediastinum Pericardial cavity The thoracic cavity, pt 2 Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest Three compartments Pleural cavities (2) Mediastinum Houses the heart (within the pericardial cavity) and major blood vessels Houses the thymus Houses trachea and esophagus Pericardial cavity Surrounds the heart Surrounded by a two-layer serous membrane – pericardium Outer layer is parietal: forms the outer layer of the sac Inner layer is visceral: forms the outer surface of the heart Filled with serous fluid The abdominopelvic cavity Diaphragm serves to separate the thoracic from abdominopelvic Subdivided into two smaller cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Superior cavity defined by the superior ridge of the hips Thoracic Houses most of the digestive tract diaphragm (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.), kidneys, and most of the ureters Abdominal Partially protected by lower ribs cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic Inferior cavity below the superior ridge of cavity the hips Pelvic cavity Mostly protected by the pelvic girdle Contains reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal portion of the large intestines (b) Coronal (frontal) view Abdominopelvic regions Anatomists use nine partitions to compartmentalize the abdominopelvic region Knowing how things are named makes it easier to learn Descriptives Left & right (relative to the patient, not you) Prefixes Hypo = below Epi = above Regions Umbilical = named for the umbilicus (navel) -gastric = belly; medial regions -chondriac = cartilage; refers to the overlying costal cartilage Lumbar = region matching the lumbar Iliac = region protected by ilium (hip) Abdominopelvic regions Health care professionals use four partitions (called quadrants) to compartmentalize the abdominopelvic region Its easier and quicker Directional terms Body Planes and Sections The Anatomic position Body is upright Palms facing anteriorly The planes represent the direction a knife would cut through the body The 3 Major Anatomic planes of reference Coronal Transverse Midsaggital (Medial) Homeostasis A body’s ability to maintain relatively stable conditions even though the outside environment changes continuously. A dynamic state of equilibrium or balance A body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met & it is functioning smoothly Homeostasis Variable – the substance or process being regulated Stimulus – the change in the variable The components of regulatory system Sensor (Receptor)– the body structure that detects stimuli Controller – interprets the input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector Effector – the structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus Set Point – the normal range for the variable Homeostasis Variable – the substance or process being regulated Stimulus – the change in the variable The components of regulatory system Sensor (Receptor)– the body structure that detects stimuli Controller – interprets the input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector Effector – the structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus Set Point – the normal range for the variable Negative v. Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Common mechanism of regulation Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite of the initial change Example: Thermostat control Positive Feedback Less common mechanism of control Causes the variable to be enhanced in the direction of the initial change Example: Contractions during labor and breastfeeding Negative v. Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Common mechanism of regulation Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite of the initial change Example: Thermostat control Positive Feedback Less common mechanism of control Causes the variable to be enhanced in the direction of the initial change Example: Contractions during labor and breastfeeding