BIOL1020 Diversity of Life 1 Past Paper December 2019 PDF

## THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ### EXAMINATIONS OF DECEMBER 2019 ### Code and Name of Course: BIOL1020 DIVERSITY OF LIFE 1 ### Date and Time: ### Duration: 2 HOURS ### INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: This paper has 11 pages and 55 questions. The paper is divided into two sections, A and B. The...

## THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ### EXAMINATIONS OF DECEMBER 2019 ### Code and Name of Course: BIOL1020 DIVERSITY OF LIFE 1 ### Date and Time: ### Duration: 2 HOURS ### INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: This paper has 11 pages and 55 questions. The paper is divided into two sections, A and B. The fifty (50) multiple choice questions in Section A are compulsory and worth 1 mark each. Answer these in pencil on the multiple choice question pages at the back of the answer book. In Section B you should answer two questions which are worth 15 marks each. ### SECTION A #### Answer ALL questions in this section **A1.** The diagram at right illustrates * A. Sexual selection * B. Disruptive selection * C. Directional selection * D. Stabilizing selection * E. No selection. **A2.** The following statement is NOT one of the six key elements of the modern theory of evolution * A. Small changes over many generations can lead to fundamentally different organisms * B. All species share a common descent * C. Some genetic changes are not driven by natural selection * D. Hereditary beneficial adaptations improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce * E. Adaptations are environmentally determined characteristics that improve an organism's ability to reproduce. **A3.** Disruptive selection is defined as a mode of selection in which * A. Intermediate phenotypes are advantageous * B. Phenotypes at the lower extreme of the population distribution are disadvantageous * C. Phenotypes at the upper extreme of the population distribution are disadvantageous * D. Phenotypes at both extremes of the population distribution are advantageous * E. None of the above. **A4.** The following statement is true of allopatric speciation. * A. It occurs due to sudden periods of rapid environmental change * B. It can be the result of hybridization and allopolyploidy * C. It is not very common in animals * D. It occurs due to reproductive isolation through geographic separation * E. All of the above. **A5.** Punctuated equilibrium * A. Describes continuous change in organisms over an extended period of time * B. Describes a method of radiometric dating * C. Accounts for the abrupt appearance of new species in the fossil record * D. Is more likely to produce transitional forms in the fossil record * E. Is consistent with the Darwinian view of evolution. **A6.** Post-zygotic mechanisms preventing gene flow between two populations of closely related organisms include: * A. Separation of the populations by a geographic barrier * B. Successful mating with the production of sterile hybrids * C. Inability to mate due to misunderstood sexual cues * D. Inability to mate due to physical incompatibility * E. All of the above. **A7.** Under the biological species concept, individuals of the same species * A. Are morphologically similar * B. Can interbreed and produce viable offspring * C. Differ morphologically * D. Have a common ancestor * E. Are separated by a geographical barrier. **A8.** A genetic bottleneck * A. Is common in hybrid zones * B. Occurs when a few individuals from a population colonize a new area * C. Increases the rate of mutations * D. Results in a reduction in genetic diversity * E. Is one of the outcomes of directional selection. **A9.** Which statement about an organism's niche is false? * A. The realised niche occurs in the presence of competition and predation * B. The fundamental niche occurs in the absence of competition and predation * C. The realised niche is a subset of the fundamental niche * D. It represents the role of the organism and where it can actually carry out this role * E. None of the above. **A10.** A mouse that eats plant-eating insects is a/an? * A. Primary consumer * B. Secondary consumer * C. Autotroph * D. Primary producer * E. Apex predator. **A11.** Which of the following result(s) in nutrient transfer between ecosystems? * I. Bears feeding on salmon in rivers * II. Lions feeding on gazelles on the savannah * III. Sea turtles laying eggs on beaches * IV. Monkeys feeding on leaves in the forest * V. Sharks feeding on sea turtles in the sea. * A. I & IV * B. II & III * C. I & III * D. I only * E. I & V. **A12.** Which of the following are correct units for measuring primary productivity? * A. g N m² y⁻¹ * B. Kcal y⁻¹ m⁻² * C. gCm⁻²y⁻¹ * D. Kcal m³ y⁻¹ * E. None of the above. **A13.** Why are some redwood trees over 1000 years old? * A. The quality of the wood makes the species unsuitable for logging * B. Tannin in the bark makes them resistant to epiphyte overload * C. The thickness of the bark protects trees from fire * D. They are coniferous * E. All of the above **A14.** Which of the following is NOT a symbiosis? * A. A clown fish living amongst the tentacles of an anemone * B. A tick on a deer * C. A lion feeding on an antelope * D. A barnacle growing on a sea turtle's shell * E. An epiphyte growing on a tree. **A15.** The lion is classified in the * A. Order Chordata * B. Class Carnivora * C. Class Felidae * D. Class Mammalia * E. Order Felidae. **A16.** If two organisms are in the same Kingdom, they must be in the same * A. Class * B. Family * C. Genus * D. Domain * E. Phylum. **A17.** The basic unit of taxonomic classification is the * A. Kingdom * B. Order * C. Species * D. Genus * E. Family. **A18.** Grouping 1 in the diagram at right is * A. A clade * B. A monophyletic group * C. A paraphyletic group * D. A polyphyletic group * E. A & B. **A19.** Cladistic analysis places the birds in the same group as * A. Mammals * B. Reptiles * C. Fish * D. Amphibians * E. None of the above. **A20.** Which group(s) is/are eukaryotic? * A. Archaea * B. Protists * C. Fungi * D. A and B * E. B and C. **A21.** The microbiological term that describes the rod shape of a bacterium is * A. Coccus * B. Treponema * C. Spirochete * D. Bacillus * E. Spirillum. **A22.** A nucleoid is a characteristic feature of * A. Green algae * B. Red algae * C. Bacteria * D. Ciliates * E. Fungi. **A23.** What is the term used to describe a bacterium that inhabits high pressure environments? * A. Bathyphile * B. Barophile * C. Hydrophile * D. Mesophile * E. Psychrophile. **A24.** Cell membrane lipids containing isoprene units are a structural feature of * A. Archaea * B. Bacteria * C. Yeast * D. Fungi * E. Algae. **A25.** A microscope having a 20X objective and a 10X ocular produces a total magnification of * A. 10 * B. -10 * C. 200 * D. 30 * E. 2. **A26.** Which of one the following microorganisms contains a nucleus? * A. Halobacterium * B. Staphylococcus * C. Methanococcus * D. Bacillus * E. Saccharomyces. **A27.** A pseudopodium is the locomotory structure of * A. Escherichia * B. Bacillus * C. Saccharomyces * D. Amoeba * E. Penicillium. **A28.** The Baltimore classification categorizes viruses based on * A. Lipids * B. Nucleic acids * C. Fatty acids * D. Steroids * E. Carbohydrates. **A29.** What is the typical size range of viruses? * A. 0.2-2 μm * B. 2-20 μm * C. 0.02-0.2 μm * D. 20-200 μm * E. 200-2000 μm. **A30.** The causal agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a/an * A. Prion * B. Viroid * C. Bacteriophage * D. Archaeal virus * E. Virion. **A31.** Halophilic archaea are inhabitants of * A. Animal intestines * B. Human saliva * C. Decomposed vegetables * D. Fresh fruits * E. Salt lakes. **A32.** The capsid is a characteristic feature of * A. Fungi * B. Viruses * C. Bacteria * D. Archaea * E. Algae. **A33.** Which one of the following rRNA genes is a phylogenetic marker for the eukaryotic microbes? * A. 16S * B. 23S * C. 12S * D. 18S * E. 35S. **A34.** Which is the correct labeling of the simplified Derbesia life cycle below? * A. X = sporophyte, W = spore * B. V= gametophyte, W = gamete * C. X = sporophyte, Z = zygote * D. X = sporophyte, W = gamete * E. X = gametophyte, W = spore. **A35.** Scenedesmus is an example of the following algal type * A. Siphon * B. Coenobium * C. Filament * D. Colony * E. Unicell. **A36.** The fossil sporophytes of the earliest land plants date back to the * A. Carboniferous * B. Jurassic * C. Cretaceous * D. Silurian * E. None of the above. **A37.** In which Bryophyte is the mechanism of spore dispersal correctly given? * A. Splachnum - insect dispersal of spores * B. Riccia - hygroscopic movement of elaters * C. Marchantia - capsule compression and explosion * D. Sphagnum - insect dispersal of spores * E. Polytrichum - hygroscopic movement of elaters. **A38.** Which row shows the correct moss and liverwort characteristics? | Moss | Liverwort | |----------|-----------------------------------------------| | Simple capsule of few cell types | Complex capsule of many cell types | | Fast-growing seta | Slow-growing seta | | Sometimes thallose | Always leafy | | Capsule with elaters | Capsule with peristome | | Capsule may have stomata | Capsule without stomata | **A39.** Leptoids are * A. Water-conducting cells found in some mosses * B. Food-transporting cells found in some mosses * C. Food-transporting cells found in some liverworts * D. Water-conducting cells found in some mosses * E. Vegetative propagules of Bryophytes. **A40.** A sorus is characteristic of * A. Horsetails * B. Club mosses * C. Spike mosses * D. Ferns * E. Liverworts. **A41.** In the ferns * A. Heterospory is the norm * B. The sporophyte is long-lived compared to the gametophyte * C. The young sporophyte develops independently of the gametophyte * D. Spores are diploid * E. The leaves are termed microphylls. **A42.** This fossil's closest living relative is * A. Lycopodium * B. Selaginella * C. Equisetum * D. Psilotum * E. Pteris. **A43.** Club mosses and horsetails * A. Have larger gametophytes than sporophytes * B. Have never been a dominant part of the Earth's vegetation * C. Are represented today primarily by trees * D. Possess small leaves * E. Lack vascular tissue in their sporophytes. **A44.** Which row of this comparison table is correct? | Conifer | Cycad | |---------------|--------------------| |Woody | Pithy | |Large-leaved | Small-leaved | |Dioecious | Monoecious | |Mainly tropical |Mainly temperate | |Mainly deciduous| Evergreen | **A45.** Cycads * A. Native to the Caribbean include Pinus caribaea * B. Always have their megasporophylls grouped into cones * C. Native to the Caribbean include Zamia species * D. Native to the Caribbean include Cycas species * E. Have pollen grains with air sacs. **A46.** Which trait is shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms? * A. Seed production * B. Fruit production * C. Vessels in the xylem * D. Completely enclosed ovule * E. Companion cells in the phloem. **A47.** Which of the following in flowering plants is equivalent to the female gametophyte? * A. Fertilized egg * B. Megaspore mother cell * C. Style * D. Seed * E. Embryosac. **A48.** Oogamy is defined as the fusion of * A. A large, non-motile egg and a small, non-motile sperm * B. A large, non-motile egg and a small, motile sperm * C. Two equal-sized motile gametes * D. A large, motile egg and a small, motile sperm * E. Two motile gametes of slightly different sizes. **A49.** Alternation of generations in land plants usually requires * A. Sporophytes to undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores * B. Sporophytes and gametophytes to be typically similar in appearance * C. Either the gametophyte or the sporophyte to be unicellular * D. Gametophytes to produce spores that develop into gametes * E. Haploid sporophytes to produce haploid scores. **A50.** Which group has the highest number of species today? * A. Algae * B. Club mosses * C. Ferns * D. Flowering plants * E. Bryophytes. ### SECTION B #### Answer TWO (2) questions from this section. #### Each question is worth 15 marks. **B1.** Explain EACH of the following terms: * (a) Soft heredity (5 marks) * (b) Sexual selection (5 marks) * (c) Adaptive radiation. (5 marks) **B2.** In relation to taxonomy, answer BOTH parts: * (a) Distinguish between an homology and an analogy, giving an example in each case. * (b) Explain EACH of the following: * (i) Type specimen (2 marks) * (ii) Dichotomous key (2 marks) * (iii) Synonym (2 marks) * (iv) Artificial classification (2 marks) * (v) Phylogenetic classification. (2 marks) **B3.** Answer BOTH parts: * (a) Draw a labelled diagram to outline the structural features of an eukaryotic cell. (9 marks) * (b) Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms with respect to: * (i) Metabolism (3 marks) * (ii) Ribosomes. (3 marks) **B4.** Answer ALL parts: * (a) Indicate THREE features green algae share with land plants which support the view that the latter evolved from the former. (3 marks) * (b) Draw a labelled diagram showing the main features of the sporophyte of Rhynia. (4 marks) * (c) Describe how FOUR characteristics of the sporophyte of Rhynia adapt it to life on land. (8 marks) **B5.** Answer BOTH parts. * (a) Describe the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the tundra biome. (10 marks) * (b) Attach the page with the map labelled Figure 1 to your answer book and clearly indicate on the map, the location of: * (i) An area of tundra (1 mark) * (ii) An area of Temperate Rainforest (1 mark) * (iii) An area of desert in the Americas (1 mark) * (iv) Prairie grasslands (1 mark) * (v) Amazon rainforest. (1 mark) (CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) **Figure 1**: A world map with the following areas shaded: * A large area of tundra in the northern hemisphere. * A large swathe of temperate rainforest along the west coast of North America. * A large area covering a considerable section of the Arabian peninsula and parts of north Africa. * A large area covering the central plains of North America. * A large area covering the Amazon basin in South America. **END OF PAPER**