Biol 2320 Lecture Test I Review (PDF)

Miasma Hypothesis Ancient belief that bad air causes diseases. Built by Romans to remove 'bad air' believed to cause Aqueducts diseases. Father of Western medicine who believed...

Miasma Hypothesis Ancient belief that bad air causes diseases. Built by Romans to remove 'bad air' believed to cause Aqueducts diseases. Father of Western medicine who believed diseases came Hippocrates from the environment. Greek historian who observed that survivors of the Plague Thucydides became immune. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek First to observe microorganisms using a microscope.  Robert Koch Proved that specific microbes cause specific infections. Demonstrated that hand disinfection reduces infections in Ignaz Semmelweis expecting mothers. The practice of preventing infection by using sterile Joseph lister techniques during surgery. The process of introducing a vaccine to stimulate immunity Edward Jenner against a disease. Organisms that are microscopic, including bacteria, fungi, Microorganisms protozoa, and viruses.  The science of classifying and organizing living Taxonomic system is what and who developed it? organisms into categories. Carl Linnaeus The eight levels of classification in biology: Domain, Kingdom, Hierarchy of Taxons Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Hint:( KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP) initials Table number genus name is capitalized (e.g., How do you write a Scientific Name? Escherichia). The species name is lowercase (e.g., coli). 1. Extract DNA: Collect and isolate DNA from a sample. 2. Amplify DNA: Use PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to make many copies of the DNA. DNA Sequencing steps 3. Label DNA: Add markers or special tags to help identify the sequence. 4. Read the Sequence: Use a machine to determine the order of the nucleotides (A, T, G, C) in the DNA. 1. Growth Test: Grow them in media without organic food (like glucose). If they grow, they are autotrophs. 2. Light Test: If they grow in light but not in darkness, they Autotrophic are photosynthetic autotrophs. 3. Chemical Test: If they grow using chemicals like hydrogen sulfide, they are chemosynthetic autotrophs.  1. Growth Test: Grow them in media containing organic carbon (like glucose). If they grow, they are heterotrophs. 2. No Light Needed: Heterotrophs do not require light for Heterotrophic growth. They rely on organic material, not photosynthesis. 3. Carbon Source Test: If they only grow with organic compounds (like sugars or proteins), they are heterotrophs. 1. Look for a Nucleus:If you see a nucleus, it is likely a eukaryote. If there's no nucleus, it is a prokaryote. Nucleus 2. Check for Organelles: Eukaryotes have organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Prokaryotes don’t have membrane-bound organelles. Sugar Test: Check if the microbe can break down sugars (e.g., glucose). Catalase Test: Put hydrogen peroxide on the Biochemical Testing microbe; if it bubbles, it has the enzyme catalase. Urease Test: If the microbe breaks down urea, it changes the color of the test medium. Gram Stain: Stains bacteria purple (Gram- positive) or pink (Gram-negative). Staining Endospore Stain: Stains tough spores to help identify certain bacteria.