BIOL 203 Biochemistry Lecture 1 - PDF

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOL 203 BSBIO 2-1 | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 | 1ST SEMESTER BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of structure, composition, and chemical reactions of chemica...

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOL 203 BSBIO 2-1 | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 | 1ST SEMESTER BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemistry is the study of structure, composition, and chemical reactions of chemical components of living systems. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives. 1.1. WHY STUDY BIOCHEMISTRY? Lead us to fundamental understanding of life ATTRIBUTES OF LIFE Understand important issues in medicine, health, and nutrition Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that have biological processes, such has led to greater molecular understanding of as signaling and self- sustaining processes, from those diseases such as diabetes, sickle cell anemia, and cystic that do not, either because such functions have ceased fibrosis. [we can learn the underlying cause of diseases; (they have died), or because they never had such wherein drugs are being developed] functions and are classified as inanimate. next frontier: AIDS, cancer, Alzheimer's Disease 2.1. ORGANIZATION / ORDER Advances in biotechnology industries [Example: (1) GMOs – genetically modified crops are produced; genetic Organisms are highly organized, coordinated engineering/gene therapy – genes are used to treat structures that consist of one or more cells. Even very diseases] simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex: inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; BIOTECHNOLOGY these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions. Biotechnology is the application of biological In multicellular organisms, similar cells form cells, cell components, and biological properties to tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs technically and industrially useful operations. (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems. 1.2. THREE (3) AREAS TO STUDY 1. Structural and Functional Biochemistry: Chemical structures and 3D arrangements of molecules. 2. Informational Biochemistry: Language for storing biological data and for transmitting that data in cells and organisms. [Flow of genetic information is being studied] 3. Bioenergetics: The flow of energy in living organisms and how it is transferred from one process to another. [Flow of energy is being studied; how energy is acquired from food] 2.2. METABOLISM 2.2.1. REGULATION Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate BIOL 203 | Chemical Biology III LESSON 1: Introduction to Cell 1  LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOL 203 BSBIO 2-1 | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 | 1ST SEMESTER internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with 2.3. IRRITABILITY environmental stresses. Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism are nutrient Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. For transport and blood flow. Organs (groups of tissues example, plants can bend toward a source of light, climb working together) perform specific functions, such as on fences and walls, or respond to touch. [Means for the carrying oxygen throughout the body, removing organism to protect themselves from harm] wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body. Ex. Mimosa pudica / makahiya plant] 2.2.2. HOMEOSTASIS 2.4. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to Organisms grow and develop following specific maintain constant internal conditions. instructions coded for by their genes. These genes In order to function properly, cells need to have provide instructions that will direct cellular growth appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, and development, ensuring that a species' young will pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse grow up to exhibit many of the same characteristics as chemicals. its parents. For example, an organism needs to regulate body 2.5. REPRODUCTION temperature through a process known as thermoregulation. Organisms that live in cold climates, Single-celled organisms reproduce by first such as the polar bear, have body structures [fur and duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as thick layer of body fats/blubber] that help them the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. withstand low temperatures and conserve body heat. Multicellular organisms often produce specialized ➔ Take note of internal balance; we have biological reproductive germline cells that will form new buffer systems. individuals. When reproduction occurs, genes ➔ Buffer systems – chemicals that neutralize pH if containing DNA are passed along to an organism's we’re acidic. offspring. ➔ Genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will have similar characteristics, such as size and shape. 2.6. ADAPTATION Adaptation - process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection acting upon heritable variation over several generations. 2.2.3. ENERGY PROCESSING Organisms are adapted to their environments in a great variety of ways: in their structure, physiology, and All organisms use a source of energy for their genetics in their locomotion or dispersal, in their metabolic activities. means of defense and attack, in their reproduction development, respects. Photosynthesis: Some organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical Example: Zebra’s adaptation with their source of water energy in food. due to attack of predators, e.g. crocodiles Cellular respiration: others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food. BIOL 203 | Chemical Biology III LESSON 1: Introduction to Cell 2  LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOL 203 BSBIO 2-1 | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 | 1ST SEMESTER 2.7. VARIATION 3.1. CELL MEMBRANE Genotypic variation - any difference between cells, Function: Supports and protects the cell; acts as a individual organisms, or groups of organisms of any semipermeable membrane. species caused either by genetic differences; Structure: It is composed of a lipid bilayer and protein Phenotypic variation - the effect of environmental components. factors on the expression of the genetic potentials. Lipid bilayer - consist of two parts that are (1) Variation may be shown in physical hydrophilic & (2) hydrophobic. The hydrophobic appearance, metabolism, fertility, mode of portion of the lipids is the non-polar long reproduction, behavior, learning and mental ability, hydrocarbon chains of two fatty acids. The fatty and other obvious or measurable characteristics. acids are present as esters bonded to glycerol. The third-OH group on glycerol is ester bonded to phosphate hence the term phospholipid. The THE CELL: PARTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS phosphate ester portion of the molecule is polar or even ionic and hence is water soluble. Cell - basic unit of life; responsible for all life’s processes. Protein - serve as a channel for substances like water. Ex. Aquaporin ANIMAL CELL 3.2. CENTROSOME - Present in animal cells that organize the microtubules; composed of centrioles. 3.3. CHLOROPLAST - Present in plant cells containing the pigment, chlorophyll. It serves as a site for photosynthesis; wherein light energy is converted into chemical energy. 3.4. CYTOPLASM - Jelly-like substance (liquidy part), contains PLANT CELL wastes, and is where organelles are embedded. - Responsible for the cell's metabolic activities - like glycolysis. 3.5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - form the skeletal framework of the cell; responsible for the production of lipids and proteins. - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) : do not contain ribosomes; responsible for lipids production. - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: contains ribosomes; site for protein synthesis. BIOL 203 | Chemical Biology III LESSON 1: Introduction to Cell 3  LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOL 203 BSBIO 2-1 | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 | 1ST SEMESTER 3.6. GOLGI APPARATUS Important classes of biomolecules have characteristic functional groups that determine their - Have a sac-like structure; involved in secretion reactions. and intracellular transport. 3.7. MITOCHONDRIA - Has an oval-shaped structure. - It is the main site of cellular respiration where ATP is mainly produced. 3.8. NUCLEUS - Largest, double membrane-bound organelle, containing all the cell’s genetic information. - Controls the activity of the cell, helps in cell division, and controls the hereditary characteristics. [DNA is found] 3.9. OTHERS - There are four major classes of Biomolecules - Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, and Lipids. 4.1. PROTEINS PROKARYOTIC CELL VS. EUKARYOTIC CELL - Macromolecules formed by amino acids. Proteins serve many functions for the cell, they help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones. Macromolecules – biopolymers (may repeating chain; building blocks) 4.2. CARBOHYDRATES - Carbon compounds that contain large OVERVIEW OF BIOMOLECULES quantities of hydroxyl groups. It is the most abundant biomolecule on earth. Biomolecules: molecules present in organisms that are - The main function of carbohydrates is to essential to one or more typically biological processes, provide energy to our body. such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development. - Its biopolymers are monosaccharides. BIOL 203 | Chemical Biology III LESSON 1: Introduction to Cell 4  LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOL 203 BSBIO 2-1 | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 | 1ST SEMESTER 4.3. NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chain of nucleotides which store genetic information in biological systems. - Nucleic acids can be found within the nucleus and cytoplasm of our cells. - Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA). 4.4. LIPIDS - Class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar solvents. - It is a heterogeneous group of compounds including fats, oils, steroids, waxes, and other related compounds. [have no repeating units like other macromolecules] BIOL 203 | Chemical Biology III LESSON 1: Introduction to Cell 5