BIOL 1140L Practical Exam Study Guide PDF

**BIOL 1140L Practical Exam Study Guide** There are two parts to your final exam: 1\. **Practical stations** (25 points) a\. 25 stations, each worth 1 point b\. 1-2 stations per lab topic (including 1 metrics/measurement station) c\. Each station will include a visual aid and (a) short-answer q...

**BIOL 1140L Practical Exam Study Guide** There are two parts to your final exam: 1\. **Practical stations** (25 points) a\. 25 stations, each worth 1 point b\. 1-2 stations per lab topic (including 1 metrics/measurement station) c\. Each station will include a visual aid and (a) short-answer question(s) d\. e.g. Observe a set of test tubes containing the results of a chemical test you've performed in lab, identify the test used, and determine whether the test results are positive or negative. e\. 1 minute allowed per station, then rotate to the next station 2\. **Essay questions** (20 points) a\. 4 questions: each worth 5 points b\. Each question will assess critical thinking skills relating to concepts that were covered extensively in the course (e.g., the scientific method, cell structure, enzymes, genetics, evolution, etc.) c\. One question will be dedicated to the **Evolutionary Medicine** topic. d\. One hour will be allotted for completion of essays. Below is a list of topics to review for each lab. **The Scientific Method** The steps in the scientific method Null and alternative hypotheses Designing an experiment Independent and dependent variables Positive and negative controls Evaluating whether a hypothesis is supported or refuted **Biological Macromolecules** The structure of Lipids, Carbohydrates (simple & complex), Proteins How each macromolecule type is used in a cell (membranes, energy source, structural support, enzymes, etc.) Which chemical test is used to detect each class of macromolecules What do positive and negative test results look like for each test **Cell Structure and Biological Membranes** Differences in structure between animal and plant cells What biological membranes are made of and how they function in cells How diffusion and osmosis work Tonicity of solutions (hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic) What happens to the mass of an egg placed in hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions **Single-Celled Life** The similarities of and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes The functions of important organelles: nuclei, endoplasmic reticuli (contain ribosomes) chloroplasts, mitochondria How the Gram staining procedure works and how Gram + and Gram -- bacteria differ structurally The three major shapes of bacterial cells What Protists are The three modes of locomotion in protists The two modes of nutrition in protists **Fighting Disease** How humans prevent or fight infections What plant secondary metabolites are, and how they benefit plants and humans The four chemical tests for plant secondary metabolites How the effectiveness of antimicrobial compounds can be measured using disc diffusion assays **Enzymes** What enzymes are and how they function The roles of the substrate, enzyme, and product in a reaction How the active site determines enzyme specificity How temperature, pH, inhibitors, and enzyme concentration affect enzymatic reactions **Photosynthesis and Respiration** The inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and respiration How the leaf disc activity worked The 3 steps in aerobic respiration, and when oxygen is required How fermentation enables continued respiration in the absence of oxygen How fermentation tubes work What determines whether a particular carbohydrate can be used for respiration **Homeostasis** What homeostasis is How the kidney, the liver, and the heart and lungs maintain homeostasis in the human body, and what chemicals each organ regulates Which chemicals were filtered out in the dialysis experiment Which areas in the body have the highest blood sugar levels immediately after eating and several hours after eating How temperature, perspiration, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, carbon dioxide content of the breath, and oxygen saturation are affected by exercise, and how the changes in these parameters maintain homeostasis of key chemicals in the body **Circulation** What the circulatory system does The three parts of a circulatory system The two main types of circulatory systems (and which one we and worms have) How temperature affects blackworm pulse rate What types of naturally occurring chemicals regulate pulse rate Why do drugs like caffeine and nicotine have effects on pulse rate? **DNA and Proteins** The structures of DNA and RNA The three parts of a nucleotide The base pairing rule How DNA replicates The processes of transcription and translation, their end results, and where they occur The structure and function of tRNA What codons and anti-codons are How to interpret gel electrophoresis results using the Study gene example **Mendelian Genetics** The definitions of homozygous, heterozygous, genotype and phenotype What dominant, recessive, and incompletely dominant, and sex-linked traits are What epistasis is, and examples of epistasis in cat coat genes How to build a Punnett Square What monohybrid, test, and dihybrid crosses are What two genes contribute to human blood type **Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction** The phases of the cell cycle, and its two division phases: mitosis and cytokinesis The phases of mitosis, and what's happening to the cell's chromosomes in each phase How many cells result from cell division and how they compare genetically to the parent cell What types of cells are produced by meiosis What homologous chromosomes are What happens to the cell's chromosomes during Meiosis I and Meiosis II What happens during recombination and independent assortment How many cells result from meiosis and how they compare genetically to the parent cell What is nondisjunction and how it affects chromosome numbers of gametes **Evolutionary Medicine** The definitions of evolution, natural selection, and evolutionary medicine What antibiotic resistance is and what causes bacterial populations to evolve antibiotic resistance What the structured-treatment interruption method is and how it prevents the onset of AIDS How new coronavirus variants arise and spread throughout the globe, and how we can control them