BIOL 102 LO1 Body Organization 2e PDF

Biology 102 Anatomy and Physiology 1  ©PowerPoin t Learning Outcome 1 Examine the Main Concepts and Terminology of Anatomy and Physiology Why Study Anatomy and Physiology? A prof...

Biology 102 Anatomy and Physiology 1  ©PowerPoin t Learning Outcome 1 Examine the Main Concepts and Terminology of Anatomy and Physiology Why Study Anatomy and Physiology? A proficiency in anatomy and physiology is fundamental to any career in the health professions. “Student, you do not study to pass the test. You study to prepare for the day when you are the only thing between a patient and the grave.” Mark Reid MD ©PowerPoin t Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy is the study of the body’s structures. Anatomical structures are designed to perform their specific function. Physiology is the study of the functions and relationships of the body parts ©PowerPoin Gross and Microscopi c Anatomy credit a: “WriterHound”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012 Gross anatomy (a) - study of larger structures of the body. Microscopic anatomy (b) - study of structures that can only be observed with magnifying devices like a microscope. Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism. Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 10 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body Chemical level – atoms, elements Molecules – chemical building blocks of body structures Cell - smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Tissue – groups of similar cells performing a specific function Organ – body structure composed of 2 or more tissues Organ System – group of organs working together to perform major functions Organism – you! Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 10 Organ Systems of the Human Body Organs that work together are grouped into organ systems. Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 12 Organ Systems of the Human Body Organs that work together are grouped into organ systems. Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 13 Characteristics of Human Life Organization Levels, organ systems, body compartments Metabolism Sum of all biochemical reactions in the body Responsiveness Ability of the body to detect changes and make appropriate responses Movement Ability to change position or location at all organizational levels Development, growth and reproduction Cell differentiation, ability to increase in size, formation of a new organism Metabolis m Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body. It includes both anabolic and catabolic reactions. Anabolic reactions: Building reactions - smaller molecules are combined to form larger molecules Consume energy Catabolic reactions: Break materials down – larger Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p.15 materials ore broken down into smaller molecules Release energy.  Responsiveness and Movement Runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans – responsiveness and movement Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal body temperature. Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University Credit: Phil Roeder/flickr Requirements for Human Life Oxygen - key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Nutrients – water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Narrow Range of Temperature - chemical reactions in the body can only take place within a narrow range of body temperature, from just below to just above 37°C Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure –keeps blood gases dissolved and allows for breathing Temperature Humans adapt to some degree to repeated exposure to high/low temperatures. Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, Credit: McKay Savage/flickr Atmospheric Pressure Climbers on Mount Everest must accommodate extreme cold, low oxygen levels, and low barometric pressure in an environment hostile to human life. Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, Credit: Melanie Ko/flickr Homeostas is “Steady state” The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment even though the internal and/or external environment is constantly changing. Two feedback mechanisms are used to maintain homeostasis: Negative feedback Positive feedback Source: http://www.formpilates.com/balance-is-an-illusion Components of a Homeostatic Mechanism Receptors (Sensors): Monitor information or conditions in the internal and/or external environment Detects the stimulus (change) and reports it to the control center Control center (Integration center): Receives and analyzes the information from the receptors and sends out commands Relates information to the specific set point or normal range Activates effectors Effectors: Respond to the control center and bring about a change to reverse the situation ensuring that homeostasis (normal range) is restored Negative Feedback Mechanis m Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 21 (a) Mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point (normal range) (b) Body temperature is regulated by negative feedback.  Thermoregulati on Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, Positive Feedback Mechanis m Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 22 Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition Results in movement farther away from the normal range Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback mechanism. Anatomical Position Standard reference position Body erect (upright) Feet parallel & flat on floor Facing forward Head level Arms at sides Palms forward (anterior, supinated) Anatomic position, artwork. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. https://quest.eb.com  Body Region s Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 24  Directiona l Terms Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 25  Sagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left halves Midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left body halves Coronal (frontal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior Transverse plane divides Anatomic the body horizontally into al Planes superior and inferior  Anatomic al Planes Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 26  Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 26 Body Cavities Body Cavities Ventral (anterior) body cavities Thoracic cavity Right & left pleural cavities Mediastinum Separates the thoracic cavity into left and right lungs Contains pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal & pelvic cavities Peritoneal cavity Thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities are separated by a broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm Body Cavities Posterior (dorsal) cavities Cranial cavity Formed by bones of skull Contains the brain 4 cavities within the head Oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities & middle ear cavities Vertebral canal Formed by bones of vertebral column Contains the spinal cord  Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 27 Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Body Cavity Membranes Thin sheet like structures (organs) that cover body surfaces and line body cavities Serous membranes: Double layered membranes (visceral and parietal) Line the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities (parietal layer) Cover most organs within these cavities (visceral layer) Secrete watery serous fluid that acts as a lubricant Not open to exterior 3 serous membranes/cavities Pleura - lungs Pericardium - heart Peritoneum - abdomen  Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 28 Pericardium Serous Membranes Credits Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University Betts, J.G., Young, K.A., Wise, J.A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D.H., Korol, O., Johnson, J.E., Wombel, M., and DeSaix, P. (2023) Anatomy and Physiology, 2e. Free Anatomy and Physiology 2e Textbook for Download - Ope nStax [CC BY 4.0] Animations © PowerPoint  ©PowerPoint The End