Biochemistry Review Sheet PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW SHEET MACROMOLECULE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Name The building Elements Function/Purpose Examples Food containing a blocks Present lot of it...

BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW SHEET MACROMOLECULE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Name The building Elements Function/Purpose Examples Food containing a blocks Present lot of it (monomers) Sugar Carbon Quick Ends in Bread Hydrogen energy use- “ose” Potatoes=Starch Oxygen Energy Glucose, Fruit Carbohydrate Storage Fructose, Spaghetti, Cell Walls in Maltose, Beans Plants Sucrose, Lipids Glycerol and Carbon, Stores Fats, Butter, Fatty Acids Hydrogen, energy Oils, Lard, Oxygen (twice as Waxes, Olive Oil, (less much as Hormones Canola Oil, oxygen than carbohydrat Vegetable Oil in carbs) es) Makes up the cell membrane Cushions and Insulates body Makes cholesterol Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Carbon, To store DNA, All food that Hydrogen, information RNA comes from a Oxygen, To transfer living thing Nitrogen, information And Phosphate Carbon, Hydrogen, Proteins Amino Acids Oxygen, and Movement Muscles, Meats- Nitrogen + Hormones Skin, Fish, carboxyl group Immune Insulin, Milk (-COOH) and System Pepsin Cheese the amino Make group (-NH2). Enzymes Two important types of reactions- Synthesis- making something Digestion- breaking something down A sugar that is one unit big can be called a monosaccharide A sugar that is two units big can be called a disaccharide. Disaccharides are polymers. A sugar that is bigger than 2 units is called a polysaccharide. Common polysaccharide sugars include- Glycogen= Found in animals. Starch= Found in plants like potatoes. Carbohydrates can be easily identified because the elements that make them up: CARBON HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN are always arranged in 1:2:1 ratio That is for every 1 atom of carbon there are, 2 atoms of hydrogen, and 1 atom of oxygen. Notice a Lipid is like a flag pole. The pole is glycerol and 3 fatty acids come off the side like a flag. The carbohydrate is identified by the 1:2:1 ratio and its hexagonal shape. The Protein is easily identified by its COOH carboxyl group and the amino group (HN in this picture) The Nucleic Acid is easily identified by the presence of phosphate (phosphorus and oxygen). It's the only macromole with phosphorus in it.  Cellular Respiration- This is a digestion reaction. It happens in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are in all eukaryotic cells. This is the formula for cellular respiration- Sugar plus oxygen reacts into ATP and carbon dioxide and water are made as waste products. We did this in class when we made yeast do cellular respiration. The proof that the yeast did cellular respiration was the balloon atop our bottle filled with carbon dioxide gas. Oxygen is a necessary ingredient for cellular respiration. Normal cellular respiration is called Aerobic Respiration and involves the use of oxygen. There are cases where cellular respiration can happen without oxygen. This is called Anaerobic respiration. Some organisms that do not have mitochondria such as bacteria (prokaryotes) do a type of Anaerobic respiration called Alcoholic fermentation- Alcohol Fermentation- Sugar —> Alcohol + CO2 + ATP (Notice no oxygen is used) This works for small organisms who do not have as great energy needs as we do. In an emergency situation, humans can temporarily respire without oxygen in a process called Lactic Acid Fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation- Sugar→ Lactic Acid + ATP (Notice no oxygen is used) This is not efficient and can only be used for a little while. We made this happen in our muscles when we held out the book in front of us. The burning in your muscles you felt was the lactic acid forming. ============================= Photosynthesis- This is a synthesis reaction. It happens in chloroplasts and only in plant cells. This is the formula- Sunlight plus carbon dioxide plus water reacts into sugar (glucose) and oxygen as a waste product. Plants are incredibly efficient since they do both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Plants and Animals are in a partnership because our respiration provides plants with co2. And that co2 is used by the plants to make oxygen which we then use for respiration. In this way the process keeps itself forever going. As such, removing plants from our planet causes many problems, one of which is that not as much co2 is being taken out of the atmosphere. Plants need to maintain homeostasis. If they have too much water or too little water. If they need to take in C02 or let out oxygen the stomata (holes on the underside of a leaf) and the guard cells which cover them can open and close to keep the plant running properly and in total balance= homeostasis ENZYMES- Enzymes are not their own macromolecule. They fall under the category of proteins. Proteins make enzymes. Enzymes are known as helper molecules. They are also known as biological catalysts. They help speed up chemical reactions and maintain homeostasis. Enzymes can only work if they are in optimal conditions. The optimal condition for an enzyme is different for each specific enzyme but most enzymes prefer a temperature of: If an enzyme is not at its desired temperature or at its desired pH level it can denature Denaturing enzymes means the enzyme loses its shape. This is really bad. Enzymes need to be a specific shape for their specific function or they do not work. Enzymes and the thing they work on, their “target” function in a lock and key model. Just how a key will only fit a certain lock. An enzyme can only work with a certain substrate. Enzyme= the helper protein molecule Substrate= the molecule or “target”that enzymes work on Products= what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site= part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into Special reaction that happens thanks to enzymes- Dehydration Synthesis- an enzyme serves as a catalyst. It helps take two smaller, simpler molecules and it combines them into a bigger molecule---alongside a byproduct of WATER!!! Here is the formula for dehydration synthesis- Hydrolysis-a reaction when a larger, more complex molecule composed of multiple subunits is split in two: one of the new molecules gains a hydrogen atom, while the other gains a hydroxyl (-OH) group, both of which are donated by water. This is the reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction- This is the formula for hydrolysis shown through a diagram- The Carbon Cycle- The carbon cycle: describes the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere. KEY CONCEPT: Since our planet and its atmosphere form a closed environmental system, the amount of carbon in this system does not change. The 5 Major Places on Our Planet which Store Carbon 1- In rocks (the geosphere)= This is where the most carbon is stored 2- In the atmosphere 3-In the ocean (the hydrosphere)= This includes the ocean water, ocean sediment on the floor, 4- In the bodies of living organisms (the biosphere) 5- In stores of fossil fuels (which were once living organisms) such as coal, oil, and natural gas The carbon cycling between the ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere was in balance until the Industrial Revolution, when fossil fuels were brought out of the rock (where they were part of the slow carbon cycle) and burned for energy, releasing a huge amount carbon (in the form of CO2) into the atmosphere, and into the fast carbon cycle. As a result, the carbon cycle is no longer in balance. *Also humans are doing things that are making the carbon cycle go out of balance even more- Deforestation cuts down trees that would normally absorb carbon An over-reliance on burning fossil fuels is putting too much carbon into the atmosphere for the cycle to process