Biochemistry Electrolyte and Hydric Balance PDF

Formula: ([Na⁺ + K⁺] - [Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻]) Water and electrolyte equilibrium...

Formula: ([Na⁺ + K⁺] - [Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻]) Water and electrolyte equilibrium Normal: ~12 mEq/L **Anion Gap** **Hydroelectrolyte Balance** Key in physiological functions Clinical use: Identifies metabolic acidosis 73%+ water Key functions: Volume/osmolality regulation, Infants: acid-base balance Low adipose tissue, lower bone mass Normal range: 135–145 mEq/L Men: ~60% water **Sodium (Na⁺)**: **Body Composition in Water** Adults: Causes: Water depletion, high sodium intake Women: ~50% water **Hypernatremia**: Symptoms: Neurological deficits Aging: 45% water due to ↑ adipose, ↓ muscle Disorders: Causes: Water retention, sodium loss **Hyponatremia**: **Intracellular Fluids (ICFs)**: ~2/3 of total body water Symptoms: Edema, electrolyte imbalance **Bodily Fluids** Plasma (liquid blood component) Functions: Neuromuscular function, membrane potential **Extracellular Fluids (ECFs)**: Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) Maintained by Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump Minor components: lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, **Potassium (K⁺)**: tears, etc. Causes: Renal failure, acidosis, cell damage **Hyperkalemia**: Symptoms: Paralysis, cardiac arrest (>7 mEq/L) Disorders: Water: Universal solvent Causes: GI/renal losses, alkalosis **Hypokalemia**: Biochemistry: **Electrolytes**: Inorganic salts, acids, bases, proteins High osmotic power Symptoms: Weakness, arrhythmias **Electrolytes** Electrolyte and **Composition of Body Fluids** Solutes: **Non-electrolytes**: Glucose, lipids, urea Functions: Bone/teeth mineralization, neuromuscular activity, clotting Hydric Balance Water movement: Osmotic gradients Normal range: 9–11 mg/dL **Calcium (Ca²⁺)**: Causes: Hyperparathyroidism, malignancies Main cation: Sodium (Na⁺) **Hypercalcemia**: **ECFs**: Consequences: Tissue calcifications Main anion: Chloride (Cl⁻) Disorders: Causes: Vitamin D/PTH deficiencies, Main cation: Potassium (K⁺) malabsorption **Electrolyte Patterns** **ICFs**: **Hypocalcemia**: Main anion: Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) Consequences: Neuromuscular excitability Maintained by Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump Functions: Enzyme activation, metabolism, cardiac function Normal range: 1.5–2.5 mEq/L Liquids: 60% Causes: Renal failure, magnesium-containing **Magnesium (Mg²⁺)**: **Intake**: Food: 30% drugs **Hypermagnesemia**: Metabolic water: 10% Symptoms: Depressed neurotransmission Disorders: Urine: 60% Causes: GI losses, urinary leakage **Hypomagnesemia**: Skin/respiration: 28% Consequences: Often coupled with **Water Balance** **Loss**: hypocalcemia Sweat: 8% Feces: 4% Causes: Bleeding, diuretics Hormones: ADH, Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, **Dehydration**: ANP Consequences: ↑ electrolyte concentration **Regulation**: **Water Balance Disorders** Triggered by ↓ plasma volume, ↑ osmolality, ↑ Causes: Renal failure, excessive water intake Thirst center: angiotensin II **Hypotonic Hydration**: Consequences: Diluted ECF, cerebral edema