Water and Electrolyte Balance PDF

PROCESS MET A B O LIS OF GROUP 3 M 1  METABOLISM - It the chemical reaction involved in maintaining the living state of cells and organisms. Metabolism is divided into two categories: Catabolism – the breakdown of molecule...

PROCESS MET A B O LIS OF GROUP 3 M 1  METABOLISM - It the chemical reaction involved in maintaining the living state of cells and organisms. Metabolism is divided into two categories: Catabolism – the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy. Anabolism – the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells. 2  UWHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF METABOLISM IN RELATION TO NUTRITION? Metabolism is linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients. 3 Bioenergetics describes the biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains energy. On of the vital components of metabolism is energy formation. 4 5 Foods provides variety of substances that are essential for the building, upkeep, repair of body tissues, and for the efficient functioning of the body. The diet needs important nutrients like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur and around 20 other inorganic elements. The major elements are provided by carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. In addition, vitamins, minerals, and water are essential. 6 CARBOHYDRATES IN METABOLISM - There are 3 forms of carbohydrates in food: starch, sugar, and cellulose (fiber). Starches and sugar are the major source of energy for humans. Fibers provide bulk in diet. Body tissues rely on glucose for all activities. Carbohydrates and sugars produce glucose by digestion or metabolism. 7 CARBOHYDRATES IN METABOLISM The overall reaction for the burning of glucose is written as: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O Most people consume half of their diet from carbohydrates such as dairy, grains, and starchy vegetables 8  PROTEINS IN METABOLISM Proteins are the main tissue builders of the body. Proteins aid in cell structure functions and hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen and enzymes in the execution of vital reactions and numerous other functions of the body. Proteins are also very important in supplying nitrogen in DNA and RNA genetic material and energy production Proteins are needed for nutrition because they contain amino acids. 9  PROTEINS IN METABOLISM Among the 20 or more amino, the human body is unable to manufacture 8 which are called essential amino acids. These includes: 1.Lysine 2.Tryptophan 3.Methionine 4.Leucine 5.Isoleucine 6.Phenylalanine 7.Valine 8.Threonine Foods with high biologic value are eggs, milk, soybeans, 10 meats, vegetables and grains.  FATS IN METABOLISM Fats are concentrated source of energy. They create twice as much energy as either carbohydrates or protein on a weight basis. The following are the functions of fats: To help form the cellular structure To form a protective cushion and insulation around vital organs To help absorb fat soluble vitamins To provide a reserve storage for energy 11  FATS IN METABOLISM Essential fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that include linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. These are needed to be taken as part of one’s diet. Saturated fats along with cholesterol, have been implicated in arteriosclerosis and heart disease. 12  MINERALS AND VITAMINS METABOLISM The minerals in foods do not contribute directly to energy needs but are significant as body regulators and play a role in the metabolic pathways of the body. More than 50 elements are found in the human body. About 25 elements are found to be essential, since a deficit specific deficiency symptoms. 13  MINERALS AND VITAMINS METABOLISM Important minerals include: 1.Calcium 2.Phosphorous 3.Iron 4.Sodium 5.Potassium 6.Chloride ions 7.Copper 14  MINERALS AND VITAMINS METABOLISM Important minerals include: 8. Cobalt 9. Manganese 10. Zinc 11. Magnesium 12. Fluorine 13. Iodine 15  MINERALS AND VITAMINS METABOLISM Vitamins are important organic compounds that the human body cannot synthesize by itself and must be present in the diet. Vitamins include in metabolism include: Vitamin A B2 (Riboflavin) Niacin or nicotinic acid 16  METABOLIC PATHWAYS The chemical reactions of metabolism are structured into metabolic pathways. These allow the basic chemicals from nutrition to be changed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. 17  METABOLIC PATHWAYS Enzymes are vital to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy. These reactions are also coupled with those that release energy. As enzymes acts as catalysts, they permit these reactions to proceed efficiently. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell’s environment or signals from the cells. 18