BIO01 2ND QT Biology Notes 2024 PDF

BIO01 ISABELLE FIRST SEMESTER: Second Quarter Notes/Reviewer 2024 ★ Dehydration/Condensation Synthesis BIOMOLECULES ○...

BIO01 ISABELLE FIRST SEMESTER: Second Quarter Notes/Reviewer 2024 ★ Dehydration/Condensation Synthesis BIOMOLECULES ○ Two or more monomers bond together through the loss of water ○ Produces water and polymers ★ Biomolecules ○ Primary building blocks of ★ Hydrolysis Reaction organisms that promote biological ○ Breakdown of molecules due to processes that are necessary for reaction of water all living organisms ○ Breakdown of polymers ○ also called macromolecules or ★ Water for digestion polymers INORGANIC (80%) ORGANIC (20%) without carbon with carbon - Water - Carbohydrates - Inorganic salts - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acids ★ Enzymes ○ Biological molecules that catalyze ★ Polymers or speed up reactions ○ Long chains and many/giant ○ “Ase” molecules made out of small ○ Some enzymes cannot digest molecules or monomers artificial sugar ★ Monomers NUCLEIC ACIDS ○ Smaller or single molecule ○ Carbohydrates ★ Nucleic Acids (monosaccharides) ○ storage and expression of genomic ○ Lipids (fatty acids) information ○ Proteins (amino acids) ○ Nucleic acids (nucleotide) SYNTHESIS AND BREAKING DOWN OF BIOMOLECULES ○ Three-subunit molecule PAGE 1 ★ Five elements: ○ Carbon ○ Hydrogen ○ Oxygen ○ Nitrogen ○ Phosphorus ★ Linked together: phosphodiester bonds ★ DNA ○ Held by hydrogen bonds ★ Pentose sugar ○ two strands run alongside each ○ 5 carbon sugar other in opposite directions ○ one of the structural components that form the backbone of nucleic acids ★ Phosphate groups ○ link the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of another nucleotide ○ Polar molecule (highly ionized) ★ Nitrogenous bases ○ Contains nitrogen and act as a base (donate electrons to form new molecules) ○ Carries genetic code ○ forms the rungs (ladder) of nucleic acids ○ In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil DNA RNA - Deoxyribose Ribosome Adenine, Guanine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine Cytosine, Uracil Double-stranded Single-stranded PROTEINS ★ Proteins ○ polymers of amino acids ○ Elemental composition - Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),  Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), most ★ Sickle Cell Anemia: A change in primary also contain Sulfur (S) structure ★ Amino Acids ○ Sickle cell anemia is an inherited ○ molecules that combine to form disorder in which there are not proteins enough healthy red blood cells to ○ proteins are digested or broken carry oxygen to the different parts down = amino acids of the body ○ Amino acids differ from one another because of their respective side chains ★ Protein Denaturation ○ These side chains are vital in a ○ The structure of proteins can also protein’s chemical properties, change due to several factors: structure, and functions Changes in pH, salt concentration, ★ Polypeptides temperature, or other ○ Repeated amino acid units linked environmental factors can cause a covalently by peptide bonds protein to denature and become ○ Proteins are made of one or more inactive polypeptide chains ★ Protein Functions ○ Proteins have various functions depending on their type Enzymes Structural Proteins Motility Proteins Regulatory Proteins Transport Proteins Hormonal Proteins Receptor Proteins Defensive Proteins ★ Structure & Function ○ The sequence of amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA ○ A small change in the nucleotide sequence can change the protein's amino acid sequence, affecting its structure and function PAGE 1