BIO_VISION_SSLC Social Studies Unit 1 PDF

Std10_SS1_EM_EasyA+_2023 Notes by Rajesh.K &Sujitha.K.G,GHS Cherpulassery_9048251133 UNIT1 REVOLUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD 1.No taxation without representation-James Ottis 2.What was the major aim of t...

Std10_SS1_EM_EasyA+_2023 Notes by Rajesh.K &Sujitha.K.G,GHS Cherpulassery_9048251133 UNIT1 REVOLUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD 1.No taxation without representation-James Ottis 2.What was the major aim of the Europeans to migrate to North America? * to exploit the resources 3.What is Mercantilism ? *The British treated the American colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. *This policy implemented by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American colonies, is known as Mercantilism. 4.Mercantilist Laws *The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships or ships built in the British colonies. *Products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco,etc.could only be exported to England. *Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass, paper, etc. *British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, newspapers,pamphlets, license, etc. *Colonies must provide food and quarters for the British troops which were maintained in the colonies. 5.Who are the thinkers that stimulated the people of the colonies to fight against the exploitative laws of the British? *John Locke Everyone has some fundamental rights. No government has the right to suspend them. *Thomas Paine There is something absurd, in supposing a continent (North America) be perpetually governed by a foreign power 6.What are the various events that led to the formation of the United States of America? First Continental Congress -in 1774 -at Philadelphia -The delegates of all the colonies except Georgia participated. -to protest against the policies and rules imposed by England -Subsequently, submitted a petition to the King of England. -Their demands 1.the revocation of the regulations enforced on industry and commerce. 2.not to impose tax without the approval of the people -But the king sent a military force to suppress the people. -This led to the war between England and Continental the colonies. Second Continental Congress -in 1775 - at Philadelphia -George Washington elected as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. The pamphlet titled 'Common Sense'-Thomas Paine ,declared that it was wise for the Americans to break the ties with Britain. Continental Congress in 1776 -Declaration of Independence - On 4 th July 1776. -prepared by Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. -Began the war between England and the colonies in North America. -End of war in 1781 Treaty of Paris-in 1783, -England ratified the freedom of thirteen colonies. -The Constitution Convention held at Philadelphia under the leadership of James Madison, framed the American Constitution Formation of USA -George Washington became the first president of the United States of America.  Std10_SS1_EM_EasyA+_2023 Notes by Rajesh.K &Sujitha.K.G,GHS Cherpulassery_9048251133 7.Influence of American Revolution on the later history of world. * Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles and revolutions all over the world. *Put forward the concept of republican form of government. * Prepared the first written constitution. *Contributed to the concept of federal system that ensured freedom and authority of states in the union. 8. "I am the state."-Louis XIV 9. "After me, the deluge."Louis XV 10. "If they can't eat bread, let them eat cake."Mary Antoinette 11.What was the social background of France that forced the Third estate to struggle against first and second estates? *The majority in France lived in misery(third estate) *The minority, including the rulers, led a life of luxury and extravagance. *This situation was the result of the social and economic inequality that existed in France. *The French society was divided into three strata and they were known as the Estates. First Estate-Clergy *Held vast land *Exempted from all taxes. *Collected the tax called ‘Tithe’ from farmers. *Controlled higher positions in administrative and military service. Second Estate-Nobility *Held vast land *Exempted from all taxes. *Engaged in military service. *Collected various taxes from farmers. *Made farmers work without wages. *Led luxurious life. Third Estate-The middle class people and farmers and craftsmen *Low social status. *No role in the administration. *Paid land tax ‘Taille’ to the government. *Paid taxes to clergy and nobles. 12.Name the thinkers who influenced French revolution? What were their ideas? - Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu - Voltaire Ridiculed the exploitation of clergy. Promoted rational thinking, ideals of equality and humanism - Rousseau Spelled out the importance of freedom with the statement,'Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains'. Declared that the people are the sovereign. - Montesquieu Encouraged democracy and the Republic. Suggested division of powers of the government into legislature, executive, and judiciary 13.List the causes for the financial crisis in France during the rule of Louis XVI? *The luxurious life and squander of the Bourbon kings, clergy and lords. *The frequent wars waged by France. *The frequent spells of drought and crop failure, brought France to the brink of bankruptcy. *The financial and military assistance given to American colonies in the American War of Independence 14.Explain the events that led to the formation of France as Republic? * In 1789, Louis XVI summoned the States General to levy new taxes upon commoners. *the legislative assembly included the representatives from all the three estates *Traditionally, each Estate had one vote. *As a result, the nobility and the clergy could always overrule the Third Estate. * The first two Estates argued for Estate-wise single voting system. *The Third Estate (the Commons) demanded individual vote for each member of all the three estates.  Std10_SS1_EM_EasyA+_2023 Notes by Rajesh.K &Sujitha.K.G,GHS Cherpulassery_9048251133 *While the arguments went on, third Estate declared themselves as the National Assembly of France. * They assembled in the tennis court nearby, and swore not to leave until framing a constitution to France. * This event is known as the 'Tennis Court Oath'. * 14 July 1789-Demolition of Bastile Prison - Revolutionaries stormed with the slogan 'liberty, equality, and fraternity', demolished the Bastille prison. * 12 August 1789- The National Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. * October, 1789-Thousands of women marched from Paris to the Palace of Versailles with the slogan 'Give us bread'. *September, 1792- The National Convention, formed as per the new constitution, proclaimed France as a republic. 15.“When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold” by Metternich,on the impact of the French Revolution. 16.what are the impacts of French Revolution? -Stimulated all the later revolutions in the world. -Ended the feudal system in Europe, and threatened the autocratic rulers. -Proclaimed that nation is not merely a region, but the people. -Contribute the concept of peoples sovereignty. -Led to the emergence of Nationalism. -Helped the growth of the middle class. -Spread the ideas of equality, liberty and fraternity. 17.Explain the reforms and policies of Napolean ? * Farmers were made the owners of land. * Constructed several roads for transportation. *Established Bank of France to centralize finance. * Formed 'sinking fund' with the aim to avoid public debt. * Exercised state's control over the clergy * Prepared a new code of law by codifying the existing laws 18.Defeat of Napolean : Waterloo war in 1815 19.Examine the reforms and policies of Napoleon and identify the ideologies of French Revolution reflected in them. The concepts of French Revolution Policies and reforms of Napoleon 1.Rise of the middle class *Exercised state's control over the clergy. *Established Bank of France. *Prepared a new code of law. * Constructed several roads. 2. End of feudalism *Farmers were made the owners of land. *Prepared a new code of law. *Exercised state's control over the clergy. 3. Nationalism *Formed 'sinking fund' *Prepared a new code of law * Constructed several roads *Established Bank of France. *Formed 'sinking fund' with the aim to avoid public debt 20.What were the causes or circumstances that led to Russian Revolution? *Autocracy of Tsarist Emperor * low agriculture and industrial production *tragic life of farmers and laboures *High rate of tax paid by landless farmers * The influence of Marxist ideologies formulated by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels * Influence of writers _Maxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, and Anton Chekov * Split of Social Democratic Workers Party into the Mensheviks (minority) and the Bolsheviks (majority). * Defeat of Russia in the Russia-Japan war in 1905.  Std10_SS1_EM_EasyA+_2023 Notes by Rajesh.K &Sujitha.K.G,GHS Cherpulassery_9048251133 21.Bloody Sunday *on 9 January 1905 * at Petrograd *the workers organized a huge march demanding political rights and economic reforms. *The march was fired at by the soldiers and hundreds of demonstrators were massacred. *This event is known as the Bloody Sunday. 22.The Soviets "The Soviets" are worker’s organizations formed all over Russia to conduct strikes. 23.Duma-The legislative Assembly in Russia 24. Analyze the circumstances that led to form a provisional government in Russia? OR Explain February Revolution? * Ignoring the protest from Duma, Nicholas II, the then Tsar decided to participate in the First World War started in 1914. * A lot of Russian soldiers were killed in this war. Food shortage became severe by 1917. * Thousands of women marched along the streets of Petrograd on 8 March 1917 clamouring for bread. * The workers organized protest march in Petrograd. *Though the soldiers clashed with the demonstrators in the beginning, later they joined the workers. * The workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II was thrown out of power. * A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky, the Menshevik leader. *Since the Russian calendar was a few days behind the international calendar, this revolution that took place in March came to be known as the February Revolution. 25. What were the demands of Bolsheviks after February revolution in Russia? * Withdraw Russia from the First World War *Seize the lands owned by the lords and distribute them among the farmers *Make factories public property 26. Explain October Revolution? Discuss the role of the October Revolution in establishing the proletariat government in Russia. *A group of soviets did not approve of the provisional government. * Lenin, who had been in Switzerland, came to Russia and strongly opposed the provisional government. *He argued that the entire power should be transferred to the Soviets if they were to realize the aims of the revolution. *The Bolsheviks and the Soviets supported him. *In October 1917, the Bolsheviks,under the leadership of Lenin, organized an armed rebellion against the provisional government. *Kerensky fled from the country and Russia came under the control of Bolsheviks. *This event, through which the Bolsheviks attained power, is known as the October Revolution. 28.Examine the results of Russian Revolution? -Russia withdrew from the first World War -Seized out the land and distributed among the peasants -Gave importance to public sector -Introduced centralized planning -Achieved develops in the field of Science, Technology and Economy. -New constitution came to force in 1924. -Union of Soviet Socialist Republic was formed by consolidating different Soviet Republics. -Spread the Socialist ideas all over the world. 29.How did the colonial rule influence the Latin American countries? *Racial discrimination was enforced towards the natives in all walks of life. *Europeans looted the resources and wealth of the Latin American people. *Enslaved the natives to work. *New diseases spread from Europeans to the Latin Americans. 30.Name the revolutionary leaders of Latin America. *Jose De Sannartin, Fransico Miranda and Simon Boliver  Std10_SS1_EM_EasyA+_2023 Notes by Rajesh.K &Sujitha.K.G,GHS Cherpulassery_9048251133 31.Write short notes on opium trade and open door policy. OPIUM TRADE *Chinese silk, tea, and earthenware were in great demand all over Europe. *China gained huge profit through the export of these items. *There was nothing to import to China from Europe. *As a result the European traders suffered a great loss. *As a remedy for this loss, the British traders imported opium, an intoxicant to China. * This affected the Chinese trade and its consumption made the Chinese people mentally imbalanced. *It resulted in economic and mental subjugation of the Chinese. Open Door Policy *By the end of the nineteenth century several European countries acquired trade privileges in China. *America could not acquire the privilege as it was not concerned about China at that time. *To acquire the privilege, John Hey, the then State Secretary of the USA proclaimed 'the open door policy'. *As per this policy, America argued for equal rights and opportunities for all countries in Chinese market. *China was divided into different regions to be controlled by various countries. *The aim of this policy was to create an opportunity for the USA to interfere in China. 32.What is Boxer Rebellion? *in 1900. *Some secret organizations in China revolted against the Manchu dynasty. *The emblem of these organizations was the Boxer's fist. *So this is known as the Boxer Rebellion. 33.What are the Ideologies of Sun Yat-Sen? *Nationalism - To expel the Manchu dynasty and the imperial powers *Democracy - To establish democratic rule *Socialism- To control capital and distribute land equally 34.How did China become a people's republic? *After the death of Sun Yat- Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek led a military autocracy in China. *He gave opportunity for foreign powers to freely interfere in China. * Did not co-operate with the Communists. *Coal and iron industries, banking, and foreign trade were all controlled by foreign countries. *The Communists protested against the policy of Ching Kai-Shek. *They were brutally suppressed. *At that time Mao Zedong rose to the leadership of the Communist party. * In 1934, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, a journey started from Kiangsi in South China. The adventurous trip ended at Yanan in North Western China. Throughout the journey they seized out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed them among the farmers. *The journey covered around 12000 kms. So it is known as the 'Long March'. Hence Mao Zedong and the Communist Party became the symbol of struggle of the Chinese against foreign power. *Chiang Kai-Shek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan, when the Red Army of Mao Zedong captured the centre of Kuomintang rule. * China became the People's Republic of China on 1 st October 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong.