Biological Psychology PDF Notes

Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 Sensation & Perception TOPIC OVERVIEW A. Sensation B. Perception A Sensation Vs Perception B Stimulu...

Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 Sensation & Perception TOPIC OVERVIEW A. Sensation B. Perception A Sensation Vs Perception B Stimulus Any aspect of the world that influence our Sensation Perception behavior The physical element of an external sensation The activation of the The sorting out, May vary in intensity and type sense organs by a interpretation, Activates the sense organs source of physical analysis, and energy. integration of stimuli The process of bringing by the sense organs information from the and brain environment into the body and to the brain Additional Information ♡ Sensation is a physical response, while perception is a psychological response A1 THE SENSORY SYSTEM: B1 STIMULUS: Psychophysics EXTERNAL SENSATION Study of the relationship between the physical External Sensation aspects of stimuli and our psychological Process of knowing material, concrete experience of them. stimuli through the external senses A2 EXTERNAL SENSATION- Four Elements PAGE 1 Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 ❣ Interoceptors or Visceroceptors-Found B2 Absolute and Difference Threshold in the visceral organs TRANSMISSOR 1. Absolute Threshold the smallest intensity of a ❣ Bundles of nerve fibers that convey sensory stimulus that must be present for it to be detected messages or impulses from one neuron to the The lower the absolute threshold = the next greater the sensitivity ❣ Fiber tracts ❣ Ascending nerve fibers Additional Information ♡ OUR SENSE OF TOUCH IS SO SENSITIVE THAT WE CAN FEEL A BEE’S WING C Brain Center FALLING ON OUR CHEEK WHEN IT’S DROPPED FROM A DISTANCE OF 1 CM ❣ Sensory areas located in the different lobes of Approximate Absolute Thresholds the brain for Humans 2. Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference/JND) C1 VISUAL SENSE the smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has ❣ Seeing occurred ❣ Most valued of all external senses The smallest difference between two stimuli that ❣ Start with light people can perceive 50 percent of the time Noise ❣ Background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other Stimuli RECEPTOR ❣ The stimulus is received by the Receptors ❣ specialized cells in the sense organ capable of detecting the stimulus. ❣ Any structure in the body that is excitable to a ❣ Stimuli RECEPTOR: Kinds VISUAL STIMULUS ❣ Exteroceptors-Found on the external Light surface of the body physical energy that stimulates the eye ❣ Proprioceptors-Located in muscles, joints, a form of electromagnetic radiation waves and tendons PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 2  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 VISUAL PHENOMENA COLOR VISION COLOR BLINDNESS AFTERIMAGE COLOR VISION Normal Color Vision Can distinguish no less than 7 million different colors Color-Blind Limited ability to perceive color ABNORMALITIES IN VISION Damage to Primary Visual Cortex ❣ Scotomas Areas of blindness in contralateral visual field due to damage to primary visual cortex Detected by perimetry test ❣ Completion Patients may be unaware of scotoma – missing details supplied by “completion” ISHIHARA TEST Test to identify color-blindness Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision ❣ three kinds of cones exist in the retina ♡ one most responsive to blue-violet ♡ one to green ♡ one to yellow-red ❣ The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory ❣ Blindsight proposed three different receptors, one for blue, one Response to visual stimuli outside conscious for green, one for red. awareness of “seeing” ❣ The ratio of activity in the three types of cones Possible explanations of blindsight yields our experience of a particular hue, or color. Islands of functional cells within scotoma Direct connections between subcortical structures and secondary visual cortex, not available to conscious awareness Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex ❣ Neurons in each area respond to different visual cues, such as color, movement, or shape PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 3  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 ❣ Lesions of each area results in specific deficits ❣ Anatomically distinct (about 12 functionally C2 distinct areas identified so far) Auditory Sense ❣ Retinotopically organized ❣ Sound ❣ Vibration Sound ❣ The air around is made up of so many particles, and These particles are what carries sounds. ❣ Like marbles – if you put a few marbles together so that they’re touching, then roll another marble so that it crashes into them, the group of marbles will move. ❣ When we strum the guitar, we cause the string to vibrate really fast. The vibration of the string shakes up the particles in the air around it and makes them vibrate and so on. ❣ movement of air molecules brought about by Prosopagnosia vibration (sound waves) ❣ Inability to distinguish among faces ❣ Most prosopagnosic’s recognition deficits are not limited to faces ❣ Prosopagnosics may be able to recognize faces in the absence of conscious awareness ❣ Prosopagnosics have different skin conductance responses to familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, even though they reported not recognizing any of the faces ❣ movement of air molecules brought about by vibration (sound waves) Auditory Receptor Sense Organ: EAR Sensitive to sound waves within 20-20,000Hz Composed of: 1. Outer Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Inner Ear ❣ Prosopagnosia is associated with damage to the ventral stream between the occipital and Auditory System Natural sounds are complex patterns of vibrations temporal lobes A Fournier analysis breaks natural sounds down into sine waves There is a complex relationship between natural sounds and perceived frequency PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 4  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 AUDITORY TRANSMISSOR Cochlear coding Parts of the Ear The inner ear contains the cochlea, ❣ a snail-shaped tube about 1.4 inches in length ❣ is filled with fluid and vibrates in response to Auditory Pathway sound. ❣ In the cochlea, hair cells in the organ of corti. Its composed of two membranes Basilar membrane – auditory receptors, hair cells, are mounted here Tectorial membrane – rests on the hair cells ❣ Stimulation of hair cells triggers action potentials in the auditory nerve PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 5  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 Auditory Cortex Auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe Core region: includes primary cortex Belt surrounds the core region A band of secondary cortex Secondary cortex outside the belt referred to as parabelt areas About ten secondary auditory cortex in separate areas of primates AUDITORY PHENOMENA ❣ PITCH ❣ LOUDNESS C3 Cutaneous Sense ❣ TONE QUALITY / TIMBER ❣ Skin Physical Element Physical Element (Sound Waves) (Sound) ♡ FREQUENCY ♡ Pitch ♡ INTENSITY ♡ Loudness ♡ COMPLEXITY ♡ Tonal Quality or Timbre PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 6  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain receptor cells in the skin are distributed unevenly throughout the Skin senses the body. Additional Information ♡ Fingers & thumb, lips, nose, cheeks, & big toe are the most sensitive. Two Major Somatosensory Pathways Dorsal-column medial lemniscus system Mainly touch and proprioception Proprioception, otherwise known as kinesthesia, is your body's ability to sense movement, action, and location SOMATOSENSORY PHENOMENA ❣ Phantom Limbs ❣ Gender & Susceptibility to Pain ♡ The lower the threshold= the more sensitive a body part is. C4 Olfactory Sense ❣ Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimulus Chemical Substance in Gaseous state: Anterolateral System Scent Mainly pain and temperature PAGE 7 Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 OLFACTORY RECEPTOR and Brain Center TRANSMISSOR OLFACTORY RECEPTOR ❣ More than a thousand receptor cells, known as olfactory cells, are spread across the olfactory epithelium (nasal cavity) ❣ Olfactory cells are specialized to react to particular odors OLFACTORY Transmissor OLFACTORY BULB & TRACT ❣ The Bulb located near the front of the brain where the olfactory axons ends ❣ The Tract is a bundle of nerves starting at the bulb going to the brain Additional Information ♡ Your nose shapes the sound of your voice ♡ What we hear when people speak and sing is in large part related to the resonating structures of the throat and nose. ♡ The nasal voice we hear in someone with a cold and allergies is due to the loss of this nasal resonation since the air cannot pass through the nose. Olfactory Phenomena PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 8  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 C4 Gustatory Sense ❣ Sense of Taste Gustatory Stimulus OLFACTORY &GUSTATORY PHENOMENA Additional Information ♡ Coffee contains nitrogen, which helps neutralize odors in the air quickly and safely. ♡ When you pinch your nose, the upper part of your nose isn’t clear to receive the chemicals that trigger the olfactory Gustatory Receptors receptors, hence no flavor. ❣ The receptor cells for taste are located in roughly ten thousand taste buds, distributed across the tongue, parts of the mouth, & throat ❣ The taste buds wear out and are replaced every 10 days or so. Gustatory Transmissors Nerves: 1. Facial Nerve 2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve B Perception ❣ Mind’s interpretation of sensation ❣ A process: raw sensory information ❣ is collected/ acquired, organized and interpreted or translated into meaningful information. GUSTATORY BRAIN CENTER PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 9  Biological Psychology D. Sapon 1st Sem – Ms. Arlynne Bermejo– SCHEDULE:Wed- 8:00-12:00 Gestalt Laws of Organization ❣ Organizing the separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and meaningful whole. ❣ Principles that describe how we organize pieces of information into meaningful wholes (gestalts =patterns) ❣ We do not just passively respond to our retinas.Instead, we actively try to organize and make sense of what we see Figure-ground organization we usually perceive objects as a figure standing out against a Background PAGE Desiree Sapon – 2nd Year – Room 904 10