PSY 102 Final Exam Review PDF

Final Exam Review- Psy 102 Biological basis of behavior Neuron parts: dendrites, axon, synaptic terminals, etc. Synapse: presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Synaptic communication: process of communication. Action potential: ions involved in depolarization of the membrane, ions involved in keepi...

Final Exam Review- Psy 102 Biological basis of behavior Neuron parts: dendrites, axon, synaptic terminals, etc. Synapse: presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Synaptic communication: process of communication. Action potential: ions involved in depolarization of the membrane, ions involved in keeping the resting potential negative (sodium-potassium pump) membrane potential at resting state, and threshold for the action potential. Gaba vs. glutamate (inhibitory vs. excitatory) Central vs peripheral nervous system Brain lobes and main functions Language Broca and Wernicke’s areas and aphasias Corpus callosum: what happens in split brains? Limbic system main structures and primary functions (Amygdala and hippocampus) Thalamus: main function Hypothalamus: primary function (pituitary gland) The hindbrain: main structures and function (cerebellum, pons, medulla, reticular formation) The midbrain: main structures and functions Sensation and perception Sensation vs. perception definitions Transduction All sensory systems: name and location of the sensory cells. Type of energy they transduce, e.g. soundwaves. Visual system: Cones and rods and function, the structure of the eye, the process of visual perception (the whole process, except for the generation of action potential). Hyperpolarization: Know that this system is an exception to synaptic transduction (you DO NOT need to know the whole process of synaptic communication) Split brain Bottom-up vs top-down processing. Gestalt principles of perception Hearing system: what organ is involved in balance? Olfactory system: Know that there are no particular receptors for each smell and that the olfactory bulb is directly connected to the limbic system. Memory and attention Centers of memory processing Process of memory: encoding, consolidating, retrieving The process of consolidation: LTP and sleep Amygdala function Hippocampus function Seven sins of memory: what they are and examples of each one. Selective attention Change blindness: why does it happen? Abnormal Psychology *Some questions will ask you to identify a disorder based on the symptoms a person is experiencing. Primary features of OCD, anxiety, depression, and psychotic disorders. Anxiety disorders significant features. For example, know how to tell the difference between a specific phobia and GAD. OCD compulsions vs obsessions Depressive disorders biological theory of serotonin, MAOI’s vs SSRI’s mode of action. Depressive disorders: unipolar vs bipolar Bipolar I vs Bipolar II Schizophrenia: hallucinations vs delusions. Positive vs negative symptoms Schizophrenia biological theory of dopamine. Know the common factors of therapy. 8 P’s Trauma and Resilience HPA-Axis Role of the amygdala Role of Hippocampus Role of Prefrontal Cortex (PPC) Role of Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) Definition of trauma DSM Major symptoms of PTSD (general criteria) Brain networks: primary functions PTSD: hyperactive amygdala, reduced hippocampal volume (predisposition factor) Epigenetics: the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. Various factors, including exposure to stress, lifestyle, and developmental cues, can influence these changes. Epigenetic modifications can affect gene expression, determining which genes are turned on or off in a particular cell or tissue at a given time. Some epigenetic changes happen through methylation. Methylation: a biological process that involves adding a methyl group (CH3) to the DNA molecule. Attachment styles and trauma Victim characteristics, trauma characteristics, social support Resilience Appraisal of stress Cognitive reappraisal Post-traumatic growth Interpersonal Neurobiology IPNB: what is the mind, what is the significance of interpersonal relationships? PSY102 -6X section Only : College Now students will NOT be tested on evolutionary psychology What is evolution? Natural selection vs Sexual Selection K species vs R species Intrasexual and Intersexual competition Individual selection vs Kin selection vs reciprocal altruism (examples) Hamilton’s Rule of relatedness What is parental investment, pair bonding vs tournament species Biological purpose of emotions What is a trade-off? Example: longer childhoods allow for the development of the brain and cognitive/emotional functions but require a huge parental investment. Mating strategies in humans: what do we know about the evolutionary driven strategies of men and women in the context of attraction and mating.