Bio Emotions 24-25 - Tagged PDF

Emotions What is an emotion? Models of Emotion Purpose of Emotion Areas of the Brain Associated with Emotion Emotional Expression Janine Crosbie What is an Emotion?  ‘Unfortunately, one of the most significant things ever said about emotion may be that everyone...

Emotions What is an emotion? Models of Emotion Purpose of Emotion Areas of the Brain Associated with Emotion Emotional Expression Janine Crosbie What is an Emotion?  ‘Unfortunately, one of the most significant things ever said about emotion may be that everyone knows what it is until they are asked to define it.’ Joseph LeDoux (1996) p23 Emotional ‘Cognitive evaluation, subjective changes, autonomic and neural arousal and impulses to actions’ Behaviour Plutchik (1982) p551 Panksepp (1994) suggests that emotions experienced by all mammals are ‘anger-rage, anxiety – fear, joy – play – happiness, sorrow – distress, and curiosity’. Models of Emotion  Evidence to Support Models Model’s make different predictions Testing these gives mixed findings Suggests extremes of the models are not supported https://petworldglobal.com/just-something-to-cheer- you-up-and-put-a-smile-on-your-face/ Importance of autonomic arousal on emotion Sweet (1966) – emotional Strack, Martine and Stepper response decreased for a (1988) emotional expression man with sympathetic impacts emotion nerves severed. Wagenmakers et al (2016) Ekman et al. (1983 and replication study failed to 1990) making an emotional replicate facial expression affects emotion Patients with a broken neck show full range of emotions Lowe and Carroll (1985) full (Pistoia et al, 2015). range of emotions but decreased intensity. Purpose of Emotion Inevitably, emotions are inseparable from the idea of good and evil Damasio (1999) Research Evidence Damage to prefrontal cortex limits emotional feelings Linked to poor decision making Feelings seem to be important in decision making Damasio (1994) Research Evidence Bechara, Damasio, Damasio and Anderson (1994) Gambling task Orbitofrontal Cortex Phineas Gage Eslinger and Orbitofrontal Damasio (1985) Cortex Damage Patient had in an accident bilateral damage Fitful, irreverent, to orbitofrontal grossly profane, lobe showing little Hypothetical deference for his situations gave fellows. sensible answers No longer Gage Irresponsible in Carlson (2003) own life Damasio Video Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wup_K 2WN0I  ‘Inevitably, emotions are inseparable from the idea of good and evil’ Damasio (1999) Brain Areas Associated with Emotion Prefrontal Cortex Orbitofrontal Cortex Hypothalamus Amygdala Sham Rage – Bard (1929) Hypothalamus – expression of aggressive response Cortex – inhibits and direct these responses Limbic System Papez (1937)  Kluver- Bucy Syndrome (Kluver and Bucy 1939) Removal of temporal Amygdal lobes including amygdala calms monkeys a Marlowe et al (1985) describe a case of Kluver-Bucy syndrome in a human The Amygdala The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Provoked reactions  Damage reduces fear (Davies 1992; Le Doux 1992) After the nucleus has been destroyed, animals no longer show fear when presented with stimuli that have been paired with an aversive event. Act more tamely and less likely to develop stress related illness Stimulation causes fear Davies (1992) Stimulation of this areas causes physiological and behavioural Provoked signs of fear and agitation reactions Fear leads to increased activity in Central Nucleus (Campeau et al 1991) Stimulation leads to illness Henke (1982) Long-term stimulation of this area produces stress induced illness This demonstrates that the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala is involved in provoked reactions The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Conditioned Emotional Response - Le Doux (1995); Le Doux et al (1998) Conditioned Emotional Response Le Doux (1995) Conditioned Emotional Response Classical conditioning – paired an auditory stimulus with a brief electric shock UCR animal leaps in air, heart rate, bp and breathing increase, adrenal gland releases cortisol and adrenaline. Several pairings CR same physiological response as UCR plus freezing response If central nucleus is destroyed the conditioning does not occur.  Le Doux et al (1998) Destroyed lateral hypothalamus and caudal periaqueductal gray matter Condition 1. Lesions of lateral hypothalamus interfered with the change in blood pressure ed 2. Lesions of the periaqueductal gray matter interfered with the freezing response Emotional Both these areas receive inputs from the Response central nucleus 2 different mechanisms both under the control of the central nucleus are responsible for the autonomic and behavioural emotional response. The Amygdala Human Studies White (1940); Gloor et al (1982) Isenberg et al (1999) LeBar et al (1995) Gosselin et al (2005).  Much early research was on patients having brain surgery. Human Stimulate hypothalamus – autonomic responses associated with fear. Research Stimulate amygdala – feelings of fear (White 1940 & Gloor et al 1982)  Stroop Test – emotional words (Isenberg et al 1999) Presented words in various colours on screen, some neutral some threatening. Human Participant asked to name the colour of the word. Research PET showed threatening words caused a bilateral increase in activity in the amygdala  Emotional Memory (LeBar et al 1995) Participants shown neutral or Human emotionally aousing material. Then PET scan and asked to recall film Research Right amygdala active when recalling emotional film  Emotional content of music (Gosselin et Human al 2005) Patients with damage to amygdala Research cannot identify scary music.  Orbitofrontal Other cortex Brain Cingulate Gyrus Areas Medial prefrontal cortex  Orbitofrontal cortex: Becky the chimp became calmer after having her frontal lobes removed (Jacobsen et al 1935) Egas Moniz ‘if frontal-lobe removal … Orbitofron eliminates frustrational behaviour, why would it not be feasible to relieve anxiety tal Cortex states in man (sic) by surgical means’ (Fulton 1949)  Cingulate Gyrus The link between the frontal cortex and the amygdala Cingulate Stimulation can produce positive and negative emotions (Talairach et al 1973) Gyrus Activated in conditions provoking anger or irritation (Dougherty et al 1999; Johnson et al 1999)  Dougherty et al (1999) Functional imaging study When subjects read and thought about instances from their own lives that made Medial them angry, they became angry again prefrontal Orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex activated cortex Amygdala plays a role in provoking anger and violent emotional responses, prefrontal cortex suppresses this behaviour Expressing & Recognizing Emotion Recognizing Emotion Right Side of the brain is involved Blonder et al (1991) Amygdala involved Adolphs et al (1995) Basal ganglia involved Sprenglermeyr et al (1996) Expressing Emotion Left side of brain is involved - Sackheim & Gur (1978) and Moscovitch & Olds (1982) Emotion al Expressi on Ekman’s Faces Universality 6 Primary Facial Expressions Ekman & Friesen (1971) 6 Basic Emotional Expressio ns Ekman’s Faces Aiezer et al (2012) – body cues important Whalen et al (2013) – hidden emotions, cultural differences Wood et al (2016) – may not be universal Emotions are hugely important and impact on our behaviour – in our seminar we will explore how the underdeveloped prefrontal cortex in adolescents impacts their social behaviour. Conclusion & Next Steps Revision Support this week and next