BIO 302 Cancer Biology Lecture Notes PDF

Week 4 ------ ### **Introduction** General Causes of Cancer: - - - - - Cancer Susceptibility vs. Causation: - - - - - - Cancer Initiation: - - - - - Somatic vs. Germline Mutations: - - - - - - Carcinogenesis in Context: - - -...

Week 4 ------ ### **Introduction** General Causes of Cancer: - - - - - Cancer Susceptibility vs. Causation: - - - - - - Cancer Initiation: - - - - - Somatic vs. Germline Mutations: - - - - - - Carcinogenesis in Context: - - - Understanding Relative Risk: - - - - - Identifying Carcinogens: - - - - - - - - Human Carcinogens: - - - - **Carcinogenesis:** - - - - - - **Cigarette Smoke Carcinogens:** - **Risk Factors for Cancer:** - - - - - **Risk Factors for Cancer That Cannot Be Altered:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Genetic Cancer Syndromes:** - - - - - - **Environmental Risk Factors:** - - - - ### **Smoking & Obesity** **Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer: Dose Effect** - - - **Types of Cancer Caused by Cigarettes** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Prevalence and Demographics** - - - - - - - - **Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Vaping and Cigarette Smoking** - - - - - - - - - **Vaping Among Generation Z** - - - - **E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)** - - - **Bottom Line**: - **Obesity and Cancer Risk** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Mechanisms** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Body Mass Index (BMI)** - **Obesity Epidemic Statistics (WHO 2021)** - - - - - - **US Obesity Epidemic** - - **Misleading Ideas** - - - - **Cost and Factors** - - - **Weight Loss and Cancer Risk** - - **GLP-1 Receptor Agonists** - - - - - - - **Current Trends** - - - - ### Alcohol, Diet & Exercise **Alcohol and Cancer** **Increased Risk:** - - - - - - - - **Definitions:** - - - - - - **Mechanisms:** - - - - - - - - - **Conclusion:** - **Diet and Cancer Risk** **Increased Risk:** - - - - - - **Protective Foods:** - **Cruciferous Vegetables Include:** - **Protective Substances and Mechanisms:** - - - - - - **Vitamins and Supplements:** - - - - - - - - **Summary of Dietary Effects:** - - - - - - - - - **Physical Activity and Cancer** **Benefits:** - - - - **Mechanisms:** - - - - - **Exercise Lowers Risk for At Least 10 Types of Cancer** ### Infection, Radiation, & Industrial Exposure **Infection and Cancer** **Viruses Associated with Human Cancers:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Vaccines Preventing Oncogenic Viral Infections:** - - - - - - - - - - **Other Cancer-Associated Viruses:** - - - - **Bacterial Causes of Cancer:** - - - - **Parasitic Causes of Cancer (Helminths):** - - - - - - - **Radiation Exposure** **Types of Radiation:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer:** - - - - - - - - **Industrial Exposures** **Occupational Carcinogens:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Key Takeaways** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Note:** Some agents used to treat cancer can also cause cancer. ### ### ### **Childhood Cancer** **Key Facts on Childhood Cancer and Death Causes in the USA (2020)** - - - - - - - - - **Pediatric Cancer: General Overview** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Common Pediatric Cancers ([Not Carcinomas])** 1. 2. **Primitive or Immature State** - small, little cytoplasm, large nucleus, unknown origin 3. 4. 5. - - 6. 7. 8. **Acute Leukemias: Key Details** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Chronic Leukemias** - - - - - - Week 5 ------ ### **Screening for Cancer: Introduction** **What is Cancer Screening?** - - - - - - **Fundamentals of Cancer Screening** 1. - - i. 2. - 3. - **Lead Time Advantage** - - - - **Rationale for Screening** 1. 2. 1. 2. **Challenges in Screening** - - **Performance of Screening Tests** - - - - - - - - - - **Diagnostic Thresholds** - - - - - - - - - **ROC Curves (Receiver-Operating Characteristic)** - - - - **Predictive Value of Tests** - - - - - - **Screening for Rare Cancers** - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - 4. - - - ### ### ### Screening Tests in Current Use **Overview of Screening Test Performance** - - - **False Positive Rates of Common Screening Tests** - - - - - - - - - - - - **When is Screening Worthwhile?** - - - - - - **Highly Effective Screening Tests:** - - - - - - - - - Less Effective but Commonly Used Screening Tests: - - - - - - - **Controversies and Updates in Screening** Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility Broadened in 2021 - - - - - - - - **Mammography Screening** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Prostate Cancer Screening** - - - - - - - - - - - **Screening That Saves Lives** - - - - **Key Takeaways** - - - - - - **Note on Data Accuracy** - - ### ### Effective Screening **Effective Screening for Colorectal Cancer (CRC)** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Cervical Cancer Screening (USPSTF)** - - - - - - - - - **Cancer Screening and Mortality** - - - - - - - - - **Physician & Patient Education** - - - - - **Key Takeaways:** - - - - - ### Diagnosis & Assessment: Introduction - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. - - 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. - ### Medical Imaging **Information from Imaging** - - - - - - - - **Ionizing Radiation** - - - - - - - **Techniques Using Ionizing Radiation** 1. - i. - 2. - - 3. - 4. - 5. - **Medical Radiation Exposure Risks** - - - - - - - **Radiological Assessment (X-ray/CT Scan)** - - - - - **Nuclear Medicine Scans & PET Scans** - - - - - - - - - - **Techniques Without Ionizing Radiation** 1. - - - - - - 1. - - - - - - - - 2. - - **Image-Guided Biopsy** - - - - ### Pathologic Assessment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Techniques for Confirming Cancer Presence, Type, and Grade:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Pathological Diagnosis** 1. 2. a. 3. b. 4. 5. c. d. 6. **Fundamentals of Cancer Evaluation -- Tumor Grading:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Tumor Grade Examples** - - - - - - **Tumor Grade and Survival:** - - - ### Cancer Staging **Fundamentals of Cancer Evaluation:** cancer stage ≠ tumor grade **Cancer Stage** - - - - - - - **Stage as a Patient Classifier** - - - - **Stage: General Classification Framework** - - - - - - - - - - **TNM Staging System** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Prognostic Importance** - - **Natural History of Cancer Development** - - - - - - - - ### Cancer Prognosis **Prognosis vs. Diagnosis** - - **Definition of Prognosis** - **Determining Prognosis** - - - - - **Importance of Prognosis in Oncology** - - - - - - - - - **Estimating Individualized Prognosis: Computational Medicine** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Multidisciplinary Clinics and Tumor Boards** - **Take-Home Messages** - - - - - - - - - -