BIO 154 Quiz 1 Study Guide PDF

BIO 154 Quiz #1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-7) Lecture 1 - Body Organization & Homeostasis 1. Define metabolism as well as the 2 forms of metabolic activity. It is the sum total of all chemical and physical reactions in the body. There is anabolism and catabolism. 2. List the levels of organiz...

BIO 154 Quiz #1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-7) Lecture 1 - Body Organization & Homeostasis 1. Define metabolism as well as the 2 forms of metabolic activity. It is the sum total of all chemical and physical reactions in the body. There is anabolism and catabolism. 2. List the levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest. Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism\ 3. What are the 4 types of body tissues? Epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective 4. Define the following terms with reference to body position: bilateral symmetry, ipsilateral, contralateral, supine, prone. Bilateral symmetry – both left and right sides, Ipsilateral – on the same side, Contralateral – on opposite sides, Supine – laying down face up, Prone – laying down face down 5. Using the image below, match the following directional terms to their corresponding letters on the diagram: superior, inferior, anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), medial, lateral, proximal, distal (note that the dotted line represents the midline of the body).  A. Lateral, B. Medial, C. Proximal, D. Distal, E. Posterior, F. Anterior, G. Superior, H. Inferior B. 6. Define the following terms related to organs: lumen, medullary, cortical. Lumen – hollow cavity in organ, medullary – inner core of organ, cortical – outer region of organ 7. Describe the 3 types of body planes. What portions of the body do they each split into? Sagittal – left and right, Coronal – front and back, Transverse – top and bottom 8. List the 2 dorsal cavities and the 2 ventral cavities. What is contained in each? Dorsal – spinal cavity (spinal cord), cranial cavity (brain), Ventral – thoracic cavity (heart/lungs), abdominopelvic cavity (intestines, stomach, bladder, reproductive organs) 9. Using the diagram below, list each of the abdominopelvic regions in their corresponding locations. Right hypochondriac Epigastric Region Left Hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical region Left Lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric region Left iliac  10. Define homeostasis. What must the body do in order to maintain it? Maintain stable internal environment against changing conditions. To maintain, use regulatory mechanics to keep stable. 11. Define the terms set point and homeostatic variable. Set point is the optimal point for peak body conditions. Homeostatic variables are body functions such as heart rate, body temp, blood pressure. 12. What is the role of feedback loops in the body? Detects change in body variables that are abnormal and generate response. 13. Summarize the flow of information in a response pathway. Can either write a short answer describing this, or draw a diagram demonstrating a feedback loop (like what was drawn on the board during class). Stimulus -> Receptor -> afferent pathway -> integration center -> response signal ->effector via efferent pathway 14. What are the 2 types of feedback loops? Give an example of each. Positive – ex. Releasing hormones during childbirth, want to move away from homeostasis Negative – ex. Shivering when cold, try to move back toward homeostasis 15. What are the 3 subatomic particles? Where are they found within an atom? Protons and Neutrons in nucleus. Electrons in orbit in shells.  16. What is the difference between atomic number and mass number? Atomic number - # of protons, Mass number - # of protons and neutrons together 17. How are chemical bonds formed? What results from multiple atoms bonding together? Outer shell electrons of two atoms interact, forming molecules 18. List the 3 types of chemical bonds from strongest to weakest. What are the subtypes and differences between each? 1. Ionic – strongest, cations (+ charge), anions (-), exchange of electrons 2.Covalent – medium strength, polar covalent (semi-charged, unequally shared), nonpolar (equally shared, neutral) 3. Hydrogen – Weakest, interaction between hydrogen (partial + charge) and other atoms with partial – charge (ex. Water) 19. Define the 2 major types of chemical reactions in the body. Which one is associated with catabolism? Anabolism? Hydrolysis – Breaking larger molecules down to smaller using water (catabolism) Condensation reaction – Building larger molecules from smaller ones, releasing water in process (anabolism) 20. What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Organic compounds contain both Carbon and Hydrogen, inorganic compounds don’t 21. In general, what is the most important and abundant compound in our body? H20 22. What is the most abundant organic compound in the body? Proteins 23. Define the terms solvent and solute. Solvent is something that used to dissolve things in, solutes are materials that are dissolved. 24. List and describe the 4 major macromolecules in the body. Carbohydrates – hydrated carbons, lipids – nonpolar compound that is hydrophobic, proteins – most abundant organic compound, nucleic acids – polymers of nucleotides 25. What are the 3 forms of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides 26. What are the 2 major categories of proteins? What monomer and type of bond makes up proteins? Structural and functional. Amino acids connected via peptide bonds 27. Describe the 4 levels of protein structure. Primary – simple sequence of amino acids, Secondary – amino acid chain form patterns, Tertiary – final 3D shape of Protein, Quaternary – 3D Protein shapes arranged in large complex 28. What are the 3 components found in each nucleotide? Pentose, Phosphate group, nitrogenous base 29. Why is ATP known as our body’s energy currency? They’re high-energy chemical bonds that are easy to break Lecture 2 - Cells 1. What is the plasma membrane and what is its primary role for the cell? Semi-permeable barrier surround the cell, protects and allows things that should enter the cell in 2. Describe the properties of phospholipids that make them ideal for forming the plasma membrane. Where do the heads and tails face? They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, assisting in allowing certain materials in and keeping others out. The head faces out, the tail faces in 3. What kinds of molecules can easily pass/diffuse through the plasma membrane? What cannot? Would water for example be able to easily pass through via osmosis? Lipid soluble molecules pass through, water soluble molecules cannot. Water also cannot pass through 4. What component of the plasma membrane provides fluidity and flexibility? Cholesterol molecules 5. What are the 4 functions of integral membrane proteins (IMPs)? Signaling, identifying foreign objects, transport, connecting with other cells plasma membrane 6. What are the 2 types of transport proteins in the plasma membrane? What is the name of the channel protein that transports water? Carrier and channel proteins, aquaporins  7. What are the functions of the rough ER? Smooth ER? Rough ER studded with ribosomes, produces proteins. Smooth ER produces lipids and carbs, detoxifies 8. What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for? Packages and processes the proteins from ER, sends them where needed in vesicles 9. Describe and differentiate between the 3 following organelles: lysosome, proteasome, peroxisome. Lysosome – uses enzymes to break down unneeded proteins, proteasome destroys abnormal proteins, misfolded, Peroxisomes – breaks down fatty acids, detoxifies 10. What are the 2 enzymes that contribute to the functioning of peroxidase? Peroxidase, catalase 11. Why is the mitochondria important? What are its inner membrane folds called? It is the location of cellular respiration, the folds are called cristae 12. In the nucleus, what structure is DNA packaged into? How many of this structure does each human cell contain? They’re packaged into chromosomes, each human cell has 46 13. Describe the cytoskeleton and the components that make it up. It is the structural support system of the cell, made of microfilaments and microtubules and the centrosome that arranges the microtubules 14. Differentiate between the 3 types of cell extensions and the kinds of specialized cells you would typically find them in. Cilia- aids in movement of mucus, microvilli – absorbs nutrients, flagella – tail-like structure; help sperm cells swim. Found in sperm cells, ear cells, respiratory cells 15. Differentiate between the 3 types of cell connections/junctions. Desmosome – protein complexes that attach cell membrane, Gap Junction – protein channels that connect cytoplasm, tight junctions – tight band that forms water-tight seals; “ties” cells 16. Define diffusion and concentration gradients. Would molecules move more rapidly or slowly given a steeper concentration gradient? Movement of molecules over membrane from area of high concentration to low concentration, concentration gradient is the difference in concentration in one area versus another, the steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the molecules move  17. Define osmosis and osmotic pressure. Would water flow toward or away from an area of higher solute concentration? Movement of water from area of high water to an area of low water. Osmotic Pressure is the force the keeps water from moving. Water would move toward an area of high solute concentration 18. Differentiate between the 3 types of tonic solutions. How does each affect cell volume? Isotonic – equal % of concentration of solute in ECF and ICF, no cell change, Hypotonic – lower % concentration in ECF than ICF, water swells cell and it bursts, Hypertonic- higher % inn ECF than ICF, water leaves cell, it shrivels 19. Define facilitated diffusion. What kinds of molecules typically require facilitated diffusion mechanisms? Transport via carrier and channel proteins, needed for polar, large, or charged molecules 20. Describe membrane pumps. When are they necessary to use? Pumps against the concentration gradient from area of low concentration to high, used to go against the concentration gradient, needs ATP to move things in/out of cell against gradient 21. What are the 2 types of vesicular transport? Which type includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis? Exocytosis and Endocytosis. Endocytosis include phagocytosis and pinocytosis 22. Define enzymes. What are they responsible for in terms of metabolic reactions? Subclass of functional proteins that activate metabolic reactions, responsible for helping to overcome activation energy 23. Which part of an enzyme acts as the portion where it fits its substrate? Active Site 24. Define cellular respiration. Is it catabolic or anabolic? Be sure to write the chemical equation as well. Catabolic process where the cells break don glucose into C02 and Water and release energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2+6H20 and energy 25. Describe glycolysis including starting and end products. Where does it take place? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? What happens if oxygen is present? Absent? It occurs in cell cytoplasm and breaks glucose down into 2 pyruvate molecules, it is anaerobic. If oxygen present, the molecules move to the 2 other pathways, if not, it’s converted to lactic acid 26. Describe the citric acid cycle including starting and end products. Where does it take place? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? What form is most of the energy from this pathway produced as? Occurs in mitochondrial intermembrane space, it starts with pyruvate molkecules and convets to ACETY-CoA, it is aerobic and most energy is produces as electrons 27. Describe what happens in the electron transport chain (ETC) including starting and end products. Where does it take place? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons are transported through membrane via electron carrier and then accepted by oxygen, making it aerobic, the energy generated from shuffling is then used to phosphorylate ADP into 30-32 ATP 28. Is protein synthesis anabolic or catabolic? Describe the 2 steps in this pathway. Anabolic, translation and transcription. DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated for form proteins 29. Compare and contrast between DNA and RNA. DNA is double helixes, contains deoxyribose, thymine, RNA is single strand and contains ribose, uracil 30. List and describe the 4 phases of the cell cycle. G1 – Proteins produced according to genetic code, form larger organelles and plasma membrane S – Synthesis – DNA reproduction occurs and produces 2 copies of the genome to be passed to daughter cells when cell division occurs G2 – cell grows via protein synthesis, formation of high order structures M – mitosis – cell division occurs, resulting in 2 identical daughter cells 31. List and describe the 4 phases of mitosis. What kinds of cells undergo this process? What is the final product? Somatic cells Prophase- formation of chromosomes from DNA and formation of mitotic spindle from centrioles Metaphase- chromosomes line up at middle of cell Anaphase- Chromosomes ripped apart by mitotic spindle fibers, they go to opposite sides of cells and form 2 pools of identical genetic information Telophase- Two identical daughter cells formed from the genetic info, mitotic spindle disappears  32. Define meiosis and how it is different from mitosis. What kinds of cells undergo this process? What is the final product? Sex Cells (Gametes) under go this process to mature. Has two stage of Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which results in 4 non identical daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each