BIO 141 Practice Emily PDF

BIO 141 UNIT 1 THEORY EXAM CONTENT SUMMARY INTRODUCTION, TISSUES, AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Part I: Introduction: 1.​ Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function. 2.​ Distinguish between mac...

BIO 141 UNIT 1 THEORY EXAM CONTENT SUMMARY INTRODUCTION, TISSUES, AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Part I: Introduction: 1.​ Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function. 2.​ Distinguish between macroscopic and microscopic anatomy Macroscopic limbs are big enough to see without magnification Ex: (organs and limbs). Microscopic is the study of structures too small to see without magnification Ex: (cells and tissues) 3.​ Explain how structure and function are related in the human body. They work together to perform specific functions in the human body. 4.​ List and define each level of organization in the body from smallest to largest. Chemical- Ex: Hydrogen and oxygen Cells- Ex: organelle Tissues- Ex: Smooth muscle tissue Organs- Ex: Bladder Organ systems- Ex: Respiratory system Organism- Ex: A human 5.​ List each organ system in the human body, describe the general functions of each one, and identify the major organs in each one. -Integumentary system- Skin, exocrine glands, hair, nails Protects internal structures, temperature regulation, sensory reception -Skeletal system- Bones, joints, cartilage Support, protection, assists with movement, blood cell production -Muscular system- Skeletal muscles Movement, heat generation -Nervous system- Brain, spinal cord, nerves Controls and coordinates body functions. Receives signals, processes information, and transmits responses to organs. -Endocrine system- Glands (e.g. hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, etc.) Regulates and controls growth, development, and various body functions by releasing chemical signals called hormones into the bloodstream. -Cardiovascular system- Heart, blood vessels, blood Delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues, removes waste products -Lymphatic system- Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, tonsils, thymus, spleen Filters fluid leaking from tissues and returns to blood vessels; manages immune response -Respiratory system- Nose,pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Gas exchange, pH balance -Urinary system- Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Blood filtration; fluid, electrolyte, pH balance -Digestive system- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines, rectum, and anus Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and waste removal -Reproductive system- Vagina, uterus, and ovaries, or penis and testes Hormone and gamete production; perpetuation of species 6.​ Define homeostasis. Maintaining steady internal living conditions for organisms 7.​ List in order and describe the purpose of the elements of a control system. Regulated Variable- How did we get here? Stimulus- The reason for a change in the environment Receptor- Detects the change  Integrator- Answers the how? Effector- What becomes active because of a problem? Effector Response- What does effector do? Change- What is now happening differently? 8.​ What is the general purpose of negative feedback? Give two specific examples. Negative feedback will find a mistake then take it back to normal range. Ex: Temperature and Blood pressure. 9.​ What is the general purpose of positive feedback? Give two specific examples. Positive feedback will find a mistake then make it bigger and worse and will only end at an endpoint. Ex: childbirth and Blood loss. 10.​Describe anatomical position. Standing upright with feet shoulder width apart and parallel to each other. Toes are facing forward with arms on your sides with palms facing forward. 11.​List the body cavities and identify the major organs found in each one. Cranial cavity- Brain Spinal cavity - Spine Thoracic cavity- Heart Abdominal cavity- Stomach Pelvic cavity- Uterus Dorsal body cavity- Brain and spinal cord Ventral body cavity- Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Liver 12.​Be able to use each of the following directional terms: a.​ Superior/inferior b.​ Medial/lateral c.​ Proximal/distal d.​ Anterior/posterior e.​ Ventral/dorsal f.​ Cranial/caudal g.​ Superficial/deep 13.​Which plane cuts the body into: a.​ Top and bottom halves? Transverse b.​ Front and back halves? Coronal c.​ Left and right portions (general)? Sagittal d.​ Left and right portions that are equal? Midsagittal e.​ Left and right portions that are unequal? Parasagittal 14.​Describe the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and list the major structures found in each. Quadrants- RUQ- Stomach, Liver, Small intestine, Large Intestine LUQ- Liver, Stomach, Small intestine, Large Intestine LLQ- Urinary bladder, Small intestine, Large Intestine RLQ- Large intestine, Small intestine, Urinary bladder  Regions- 1. Right hypochondriac region- Liver 2. Epigastric region- Stomach,Liver 3. Left hypochondriac region- Stomach,Liver 4. Right lumbar region- Large intestine,Small Intestine,Stomach,Liver 5. Umbilical region- Large Intestine,Small Intestine,Stomach,Liver 6. Left lumbar region- Large Intestine,Small Intestine 7. Right iliac region- Large Intestine,Small Intestine 8. Hypogastric region- Large intestine, Urinary Bladder, Small intestine 9. Left iliac region- Large intestine,Small Intestine Part II: Tissues: 1.​ Define the terms ‘tissue’ and histology Tissue- Group of many similar cells that work together. Histology- The study of tissues. 2.​ List the four primary tissue types, their general function, general characteristics, and general location. Epithelial- Lining of GI tract and other hollow organs. Skin surface (epidermis) Protects the body. Connective- Fat and other soft padding tissue. Bone and Tendons. Provides structure. Muscle- Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle. Create movement and force. Nervous- Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Guides the body activities. 3.​ Describe how epithelial tissue can be classified both by shape and by layer. Cell shape- squamous, cuboidal, columnar Layer- Simple (one layer) Stratified (multiple layers) 4.​ Describe six types of epithelium and know at least one example of where each can be found in the body. Simple columnar (lining of stomach), Simple squamous (alveoli of lungs), Simple cuboidal (kidneys), Stratified columnar (respiratory tract) , stratified squamous (skin), stratified cuboidal (sweat glands) 5.​ Describe the purpose of a goblet cell and where they are found. Epithelial cell specialized to secrete mucus. (Small and Large Intestines) 6.​ List the three types of cellular junctions, their functions, and an example location for each. Tight junctions (forms a barrier, between epithelial cells), Gap junctions(direct connection, cardiac and smooth muscles), Anchoring junctions(attaches cells, lateral and basal surfaces of cells)  7.​ List the three types of epithelial membranes, their functions, and locations. Mucous which contains glands, Serous which secrete fluid, Cutaneous for the skin 8.​ Describe ten types of connective tissue, explain what distinguishes them from each other, and know at least one example of where each can be found. 9.​ Areolar Connective Tissue. fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells....beneath the skin 10.​Adipose Tissue. adipocytes....Around the organs 11.​Reticular Connective Tissue. reticular cells....around the Spleen 12.​Dense Regular Connective Tissue. fibroblasts....Around the tendons 13.​Dense Irregular Connective Tissue....Dermis layer of the skin 14.​Elastic Connective Tissue....Walls of large arteries 15.​Hyaline Cartilage....Nose 16.​Fibrocartilage…..intervertebral discs 17.​List the three types of muscle tissue, describe the differences among them, and give at least one example of where each can be found. Skeletal(muscles), Smooth(walls of internal organs), and Cardiac(heart) 18.​List the two types of cells in nervous tissue and describe their general functions. Neurons (electrical signals) and glial cells (support and protection from environment) 19.​Describe how exocrine cells secrete their products and provide an example of an exocrine gland. Releasing them into a duct, then carries to the surface of where it is needed. Part III: Integumentary System: 1.​ List and describe the major functions of the integumentary system. The skin. It protects the body from physical and chemical reactions. Regulates body temperature. 2.​ List the two layers that compose skin and which tissue (generally) composes each one. Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium) and the Dermis (dense irregular connective tissue) 3.​ State which specific tissue composes the epidermis. Stratified squamous epithelium 4.​ List the two layers of the dermis and tell what type of tissue composes each one. Papillary layer (think upper) and the reticular dermis (thick lower) 5.​ State the location of the hypodermis and which specific tissue composes it. Adipose tissue and also loose connective tissue (Located right beneath the dermis) Deepest layer of the skin 6.​ List and briefly describe the layers of the epidermis, to include the cell types in each one. Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, Stratum basale 7.​ Compare and contrast thick and thin skin in terms of structure and location. Thick skin (palms of hands and soles of the feet) Thin skin (rest of the body) 8.​ Describe the origin and function of keratin. Protein naturally produced by the body. Protects and gives structural strength. 9.​ Describe the origin and function of melanin. Type of pigment that gives color to hair, skin, and eyes. 10.​Discuss the factors that influence human skin color. Presence of- Melanocytes, Carotene, Oxygenated hemoglobin, Local blood flow 11.​List the three categories of accessory structures in the integumentary system. Hair, Nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands 12.​Describe the location, structure, and function of arrector pili muscles. Tiny muscle that is connected to each hair follicle in the skin 13.​Describe the location, structure, and function of sudoriferous glands. Small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat 14.​Describe the location, structure, and function of sebaceous glands. Organ in the skin that makes you secrete sebum. (Connects to hair follicles) 15.​Describe the location, structure, and function of Pacinian corpuscles. Helps you respond to the sensation of touch. (type of nervous impulse) Found in the skin 16.​State which substance composes hair and nails as well as from which layer they are derived. A protein called keratin. (comes from the epidermis) 17.​List the four phases of wound repair. Hemostasis Inflammation Proliferation Remodeling