BIO 141 LE 2 PDF

Group 1: Bacillus Subtilis Engineered for → Elongate the shelf life of pharmaceuticals Aerospace Medicine to enable longer space missions. → Enable rapid on-site, on-demand 1. Introduction...

Group 1: Bacillus Subtilis Engineered for → Elongate the shelf life of pharmaceuticals Aerospace Medicine to enable longer space missions. → Enable rapid on-site, on-demand 1. Introduction production of protein-based therapeutics. → Astropharmacy (production of → Provide a cost-effective approach to space pharmaceuticals in space) is crucial for medicine in the long run. long-term space missions under the Artemis Program aiming to establish a human presence 6. Methodology on Mars. → Bacterial growth in Luria Broth and Difco → Current Med Kits on ISS are insufficient Sporulation Medium with antibiotics. due to limited shelf life and variety of → Cloning using PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, medicines. and Sanger Sequencing for constructing → The solution is a compact, on-demand plasmid expression. drug production system using engineered B. → Transformation of B. subtilis with subtilis. engineered constructs. → High-throughput bioassays for evaluating 2. Problem secretion peptides. → Pharmaceuticals have a short shelf life, → Studied the impact of temperature on further shortened by exposure to space secretion efficiency. conditions. → Prepared and quantified spore suspensions → Returning to Earth for resupply is costly for testing. and mission-compromising. → Purified and quantified pharmaceutical → Med Kits only carry a small supply, peptides. limiting medicine variety, dosage, and delivery forms. 7. Results → Successful integration of constructs into 3. Solution B. subtilis genome. → A compact, low-mass, on-demand drug → Demonstrated temperature-dependent production system for space use. secretion of teriparatide. → On-site production, purification, testing, → Achieved purification of teriparatide and and administration of pharmaceuticals. filgrastim. → B. subtilis endospores can withstand the harsh space environment, making it ideal for 8. Discussion space medicine production. → Highlighted the suitability of B. subtilis for space medicine due to its robust secretory 4. Engineering B. Subtilis system and resilience in space conditions. → Teriparatide (a synthetic form of the natural human parathyroid hormone) 9. Conclusion and Future Research production is used to increase bone → B. subtilis can effectively produce mineralization and density, countering bone pharmaceuticals in space, addressing critical loss in astronauts. needs in long-term space missions. → Filgrastim (used to treat neutropenia (low → Explore further engineering of B. subtilis white blood cells) that is caused by cancer for a broader range of pharmaceuticals and medicines) production treats low-neutrophil more efficient production methods. blood count (symptoms of radiation toxicity), addressing radiation exposure risks in space. _____________________________________ 5. Aims Group 2: Aquanauts on Mission: Microbes 6. Biodegradation of Plastics Diving into the Future of the Blue Economy → Bacteria like Alcanivorax, Erythrobacter, and Marinobacter degrade various plastics. 1. Introduction → Enzymes like laccases, hydrolases, and → High marine biodiversity in the cutinases break down polymers. Indo-Malay-Philippine Archipelago (IMPA). The Philippines holds the third largest coral 7. Conclusion reef area globally, crucial for ecological → Marine bacteria offer solutions for processes. environmental pollution through their → Plastic and hydrocarbon pollution adaptability and diverse metabolic capabilities. significantly harm marine ecosystems and → Continued exploration of marine human health. bacteria can lead to innovative bioremediation strategies. 2. Plastic Pollution → Alters bacterial communities' composition _____________________________________ and function, affecting biogeochemical cycles. → Microplastics disrupt nitrification and denitrification processes in marine sediments. Group 3: Genetically Engineering Microorganisms for Bioremediation 3. Hydrocarbon Pollution → Sources include oil spills, industrial waste, 1. Introduction urban runoff. → Deinococcus radiodurans is a → Hydrophobic hydrocarbons resist natural polyextremophile known for its radiation dispersion and degradation, requiring resistance and desiccation tolerance. specialized cleanup strategies. → Bioremediation uses microbes to remove pollutants from soil, air, and water. 4. Biotechnological Potential of Marine Bacteria 2. Radiation Resistance Mechanisms → Marine microbes adapt to fluctuating → UvrABC endonuclease excision repair conditions, making them suitable for mechanism. applications in bioremediation, → Ion transporters include efflux systems and pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. bioaccumulation. → High capacity to degrade hazardous compounds, produce biopolymers, and express 3. Genetic Engineering Techniques unique enzymes. → Transformed vectors using TALEN and CRISPR methods. 5. Marine Bacteria in Bioremediation → Engineered genes include tod and xyl for Applications toluene degradation, merA for mercuric ion - Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria like reduction. Alcanivorax, Pseudomonas, Oleispira, and Colwellia. 4. Applications of Genetically Modified → Enzymes include alkane hydroxylases and Microorganisms dioxygenases for degradation of alkanes and → Biodegradation of pollutants like crude oil aromatic hydrocarbons. spills, halobenzenes, naphthalenes, toluenes, → Biosurfactants are natural compounds that and radioactive compounds. solubilize hydrophobic substances, aiding in → Organic compound degradation through bioremediation. reduction, oxidation, dehalogenation, and hydrolytic cleavage. 5. Future Research 6. Conclusion - Further engineering to improve pollutant → Highlighting the vast potential of the degradation and environmental adaptation. microbial world for addressing various challenges and applications. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Group 4: Beneficial Microbes from Unlikely Group 5: Genetic Disorders (Specifically on Sources CNS) and Significance of Gene Therapy 1. Introduction 1. Introduction → Microbial genetic engineering can harness → Neurogenetic Disorders (NGDs) are the power of microbes from diverse, often complex Mendelian disorders affecting the "gross" sources. nervous system, often manifesting in → Address medical challenges, develop childhood. sustainable food sources, and contribute to → Approximately 1 in 1,100 of the general scientific discoveries. population experiences monogenic neurological disorders. 2. Gut Microbiota of Cockroaches → Cockroaches have a robust gut microbiome 2. Gene Therapy capable of surviving harsh environments. → Types include non-viral and viral gene → Bioactivity includes antimicrobial, delivery. anti-radiation, and anti-heavy metal properties. → Focus on viral gene delivery using genetically modified viruses as vectors to 3. Applications deliver functional genes. → Antimicrobial compounds for antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and 3. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) antiparasitic treatments. → Description: Non-enveloped DNA virus → Anti-cancer and wound healing with a 22-nm icosahedral capsid. applications in traditional Chinese medicine. → Applications include treating conditions like cystic fibrosis, hemophilia B, and 4. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. → Gut microbiota includes Bacteroides, → Engineering involves capsid Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, re-engineering for improved transduction Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, efficiency and target specificity. Lactobacillus. → Less invasive options like "poop in a pill" 4. New Techniques in Microbial Genetics for treating Clostridium difficile. → Capsid library selections using NGS and Machine Learning to create and select capsid 5. Kombucha and Single Cell Protein libraries with better targeting ability. → Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage → NNK codon scheme introduces genetic with health benefits like improved gut health, diversity for constructing libraries in immune system, and antioxidant properties. molecular biology. → Single Cell Protein (SCP) involves microbes as an emerging protein source, 5. Screening of Viral Capsid produced from algae, fungi, yeast, or bacteria. → BI-hTFR1 is an engineered AAV capsid with enhanced tropism for the CNS, able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). → Therapeutic efficacy shows promising results in delivering therapeutic genes for CNS diseases. 6. Plasmids and Gene Constructs → Generation of AAV9 and BI-hTFR1 Rep → Cap plasmids for producing AAV viral capsid and replication proteins. → Cloning expression constructs for studying gene expression, localization, and function. 7. Conclusion → BI-hTFR1 efficiently crosses the BBB and delivers genes to neurons and glia, showing promise for CNS-targeted gene therapies.