BIO 141

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary benefit of using teriparatide in space medicine?

To treat neutropenia caused by cancer medicines

To treat radiation exposure risks

To increase bone mineralization and density (correct)

To degrade various plastics in space

Why is B. subtilis ideal for space medicine production?

Because it can treat neutropenia caused by cancer medicines

Because it can withstand the harsh space environment (correct)

Because it can increase bone mineralization and density

Because it can degrade various plastics

What is the primary role of enzymes like laccases, hydrolases, and cutinases in biodegradation of plastics?

To increase bone mineralization and density

To break down polymers (correct)

To produce pharmaceuticals in space

To treat radiation exposure risks

What is the significance of the Indo-Malay-Philippine Archipelago (IMPA) in terms of marine biodiversity?

It is the third largest coral reef area globally Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using filgrastim in space medicine?

To treat neutropenia caused by cancer medicines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of engineering B. subtilis for space medicine?

To produce pharmaceuticals in space Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of B. subtilis in space medicine?

To produce pharmaceuticals in space Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of future research in engineering B. subtilis for space medicine?

To explore further engineering of B. subtilis for a broader range of pharmaceuticals Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Artemis Program?

To establish a human presence on Mars Signup and view all the answers

What is the current limitation of Med Kits on the ISS?

They have a limited shelf life and variety of medicines Signup and view all the answers

Why is returning to Earth for resupply costly and mission-compromising?

Because it is a logistical challenge to transport medicines Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cloning using PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, and Sanger Sequencing?

To construct plasmid expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the study on the impact of temperature on secretion efficiency?

The study demonstrated temperature-dependent secretion of teriparatide Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using engineered B. subtilis for on-demand drug production in space?

It provides a compact, low-mass system for space use Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems?

Disruption of nitrification and denitrification processes in marine sediments Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of current pharmaceuticals in space?

They have a short shelf life, further shortened by exposure to space conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of radiation resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans?

UvrABC endonuclease excision repair mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the integration of constructs into the B. subtilis genome?

Successful integration of constructs into the B. subtilis genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of genetically engineered microorganisms in bioremediation?

Removal of pollutants from soil, air, and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hydrocarbon pollutants that affects their dispersion and degradation?

Hydrophobic properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of marine microbes in bioremediation applications?

Ability to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of bioremediation using microbes?

Degradation of pollutants by microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using TALEN and CRISPR methods in genetic engineering?

To transform vectors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of hydrocarbon pollution on human health?

Significant harm to human health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of genetically modified microorganisms in bioremediation?

Biodegradation of pollutants Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used for the degradation of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons?

Alkane hydroxylases Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of biosurfactants in bioremediation?

To solubilize hydrophobic substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of genetically modified microorganisms?

Generation of radioactive compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Group 4?

Beneficial microbes from unlikely sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence of neurogenetic disorders in the general population?

1 in 1,100 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of microbial genetic engineering?

Harnessing the power of microbes from diverse sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of bioremediation?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cockroaches' gut microbiome?

It is capable of surviving harsh environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gene therapy?

To deliver functional genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of antimicrobial compounds derived from cockroach gut microbiota?

Pharmaceutical industry Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) capsid?

Icosahedral Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of engineering Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) capsid?

To improve its transduction efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation?

To treat Clostridium difficile Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of capsid library selections using NGS and Machine Learning?

To select capsids with better targeting ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Kombucha and Single Cell Protein?

To create traditional Chinese medicine applications Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Group 1: Bacillus Subtilis for Elongating Shelf Life of Pharmaceuticals in Space

The Artemis program aims to establish a human presence on Mars, and hence, a cost-effective approach to space medicine is required.
Current Med Kits on ISS are insufficient due to limited shelf life and variety of medicines.
Engineered B. subtilis can produce protein-based therapeutics on demand in space, enabling longer space missions.
B. subtilis endospores can withstand harsh space conditions, making it ideal for space medicine production.
Teriparatide and filgrastim production can help address bone loss and low neutrophil blood count in astronauts.

Group 2: Aquanauts on Mission: Microbes for Biodegradation of Plastics

Marine bacteria like Alcanivorax, Erythrobacter, and Marinobacter can degrade various plastics.
Enzymes like laccases, hydrolases, and cutinases break down polymers.
Marine bacteria offer solutions for environmental pollution through their adaptability and diverse metabolic capabilities.

Group 3: Genetically Engineering Microorganisms for Bioremediation

Deinococcus radiodurans is a polyextremophile that can resist radiation and desiccation.
Bioremediation uses microbes to remove pollutants from soil, air, and water.
Engineered genes include tod and xyl for toluene degradation and merA for mercuric ion reduction.
Genetically modified microorganisms can biodegrade pollutants like crude oil spills and halobenzenes.

Group 4: Beneficial Microbes from Unlikely Sources

Microbial genetic engineering can harness the power of microbes from diverse, often "gross" sources.
Cockroaches have a robust gut microbiome capable of surviving harsh environments.
The gut microbiota includes Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus.

Group 5: Genetic Disorders and Significance of Gene Therapy

Neurogenetic Disorders (NGDs) are complex Mendelian disorders affecting the nervous system.
Gene therapy involves delivering functional genes using viral vectors to treat genetic disorders.
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus used for gene delivery.
Gene therapy can treat conditions like cystic fibrosis, hemophilia B, and Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

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