BI1S209 Lecture 2 - Growth and Nutrition PDF
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South Wales AC
Dr Sky Redhead
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Summary
This lecture covers the importance of ATP, different types of microbial metabolism, bacterial cell division, and bacterial population growth. It further explores fermentation, describing its role in various processes like bread production and milk fermentation. The lecture also includes discussions about the growth conditions, temperature, and pH requirements for microbial growth.
Full Transcript
PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS GROWTH & NUTRITION Dr Sky Redhead ([email protected]) PUBLIC / Learning Objectives CYHOEDDUS Learn the importance of ATP Learn abo...
PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS GROWTH & NUTRITION Dr Sky Redhead ([email protected]) PUBLIC / Learning Objectives CYHOEDDUS Learn the importance of ATP Learn about the different types of microbial metabolism Learn how bacterial cells divide Learn about bacterial population growth PUBLIC / Energy CYHOEDDUS DNA GROWTH MOTILITY ACTIVE REPLICATI TRANSPOR ON T PUBLIC / ATP CYHOEDDUS Energy carrying molecule Made up of three structures Energycontained within the bonds between phosphates BecomesADP through a condensation reaction PUBLIC / Energy CYHOEDDUS Phototroph Chemotroph PUBLIC / Autotroph CYHOEDDUS Producers Buildtheir own food from raw materials and energy Found at the bottom of food chains Mostare photosynthetic PUBLIC / Heterotroph CYHOEDDUS Consumers Cannotmake their own food Relyon the consumption of other organisms (may be phototrophs or other heterotrophs) Types of PUBLIC / Metabolis CYHOEDDUS m An in Depth PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Example PUBLIC / Fermentation CYHOEDDUS Used since ancient times Breakdown of starch and sugar Absence of oxygen C H12O6 + Yeast Zymase = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 6 Glucose+ Yeast Zymase = Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide PUBLIC / Fermentation CYHOEDDUS Anaerobic conditions Production of ATP Endproduct usually ethanol Endproducts can be harmful to the producing organism PUBLIC / Production of Alcohol CYHOEDDUS Sugars Ethan Saccharomyces ol PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Bread Production CYHOEDDUS Yeast is mixed with flour Fermentation Dough swells Alcohol produced but evaporates PUBLIC / Milk Fermentation CYHOEDDUS Yoghurt and cheese Yoghurt- bacteria convert sugars in milk into lactic acid Cheese- needs rennin to coagulate milk, type of cheese produced depends on the of bacteria or fungi used PUBLIC / Cocoa Fermentation CYHOEDDUS Chocolate- cocoa pods harvested when ripe, cocoa beans removed Fermentation removes germ and seed coat Fermentation takes 6-10 days Anaerobic- CO2 and ethanol, lactic acid Aerobic-bacteria oxidise ethanol and produce acetic acid PUBLIC / Quiz Time! CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Growth CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Generation Time CYHOEDDUS The time it takes for one bacterium to become two bacteria 12mins to 24 hours+ Longer in nutrient poor environments PUBLIC / Microbial Growth Dynamics CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Dormancy States CYHOEDDUS Endospores- very resilient, do not require nutrients, stress survival Persister cells- dormant, resistant to antibiotics, easily reversible PUBLIC / Requirements for Cell Growth CYHOEDDUS Temperatur e pH Nutrients Oxygen Water Temperature PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Bacteria have an ideal temperature range Low temperatures- gelling Cellular processes occur fastest at optimum temperature High temperatures- denaturation PUBLIC / Temperature CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Psychrophiles CYHOEDDUS Permanently cold conditions -20 °C to 10 °C Polar regions, glaciers , deep oceans and permafrost Adaptions- unsaturated fatty acids, antifreeze proteins PUBLIC / Thermophiles CYHOEDDUS Permanently hot conditions 45 °C-70 °C Geothermal pools, geysers Adaptions-positive supercoiling, DNA repair Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park PUBLIC / Mesophiles CYHOEDDUS Moderate temperatures 20 °C - 45 °C Human pathogens, household surfaces, wine and beer manufacturing PUBLIC / pH CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Acidophiles CYHOEDDUS Permanently acidic conditions pH 1-5 Stomach acid, mine leachate, acidic pools Adaptions- proton pumps, acid stable proteins PUBLIC / Alkaliphiles CYHOEDDUS Permanently alkali conditions pH 8.5-11.5 Sewage sludge, sea water, carbonate rich soils Adaptions-acidify cytoplasm, acidic residues PUBLIC / Oxygen CYHOEDDUS Obligate aerobes Facultative aerobes Microaerophile s Obligate anaerobes Aerotolerant Osmotic Effects on Microbial PUBLIC / CYHOEDDUS Growth Water is required by all organisms Water availability- dryness and availability of solutes Some organisms can tolerate high salt environments PUBLIC / Growth in the Lab CYHOEDDUS Solid versus liquid media Temperature Nutrients Selective Acid or alkali PUBLIC / Quiz Time! CYHOEDDUS PUBLIC / Test Yourself CYHOEDDUS ? ? ? ? PUBLIC / Learning Outcomes CYHOEDDUS Understand the structure of ATP and how that relates to its function Given an energy and carbon source determine the metabolic lifestyle of an organism Describe some different fermentation processes Name and describe the requirements for cell growth Outline the cell lifecycle Define “generation time” PUBLIC / Extra Reading CYHOEDDUS Bauman: Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism Tortora: Chapter 5- Microbial Metabolism Open access book chapters: ATP Fermentation Bauman: Chapter 6- Microbial Growth and Nutrition Tortora: Chapter 6- Microbial Growth Open access book chapters: Growth Temperature
