Beef Production (AnSCI 202) PDF

Beef Production (AnSCI 202)  Cattle inventory in the Philippines As of 30 June 2022, the total cattle inventory reached 2.58 million heads. This was -0.9 percent lower than the 2.61 million heads recorded in the same period last year. Cattle population in backyard farms expanded b...

Beef Production (AnSCI 202)  Cattle inventory in the Philippines As of 30 June 2022, the total cattle inventory reached 2.58 million heads. This was -0.9 percent lower than the 2.61 million heads recorded in the same period last year. Cattle population in backyard farms expanded by 2.5 percent, while stocks in commercial farms contracted by -60.8 percent. About 97.9 percent of the country’s total cattle inventory came from backyard farms, while the remaining 2.1 percent was from commercial farms. In terms of cattle inventory, the top regions were Central Visayas, CALABARZON, and Ilocos Region with a combined share of 32.3 percent to the total cattle population. tatistics Authority Date Release: Wed. April - June, 2022) (Philippine S 1.1 ADVANTAGE OF BEEF PRODUCTION Increasing demand for beef, income elasticity of demand for beef is higher that other meat, Ability to transform low quality and fibrous feed materials (e.g. grasses and crop residues)into high value protein food products. Abundant supply of crop residues especially in small farms, favorable climate for fodder production and, cattle production and meat processing technologies are available for increased productivity. 1.1 INTERVENTION Build up population base through well-defined breeding program Increased animal productivity through improved husbandry practices and application of biotechnology Promote appropriate feeding and encourage utilization of non-conventional feedstuffs. Effect strict quarantine procedures and efficient disease control/eradication programs Improve marketing/pricing system Review policies on importation and credit system  Beef Production Systems in the Phils.  Ranching or Extensive System- Ranching is raising herds of animals on large tracts of land.  Backyard Cattle Raising or Semi-Subsistence or Smallholder - In the Philippines, 75 and 90 percent of the total cattle production is raised in backyard systems. Small-scale cattle production offers many benefits.  Type of Cattle Raising 1. Cow – calf operation 2. Breeder farm operation 3. Growing – fattening operation  Great Britain led the world in the development of the principal beef breeds. Breeds of Cattle (temperate breeds) ⁄⁄Ex. o Hereford o Angus o Shorthorns o Galloway Shorthorn Galloway  Other great beef breeds originated from India (Brahman or Zebu), France (Charlois, Limousin, Normande), Switzerland (Simmental) and Africa (Afrikander). Charolais India (Brahman) Switzerland (Simmental) Africa (Afrikander) ❖ Sta Gertrudis -breed of Texas has ⅝ Shorthorn and ⅜ Brahman. ❖ Brahman - pronounced hump, excessive skin on dewlap and underline, large droopy ears and horns which tend to curve downward and outward. Heat tolerant, drought resistant and resistant to ticks and other parasites. (preferred breed from Brahman, Guzerat, Nellore, Gir and Krisna Valley strains, Modern Cattle Descended from ❖ Aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) Centers of domestication - Eastern Europe, Middle Asia, Southeast Asia Species related to Aurochs also underwent domestication ❖ Yak - (Poephagus grunniens) From mountains of Tibet, some regions of Middle Asia and South Siberia ❖ Genus Bibos (Bos banteng) bali cattle (Bos frontalis) or gayal ❖ Probably first domestication, during stone age w/in 10,000BC from the wild ox  Bos frontalis Yak Bos banteng Modern Cattle family Bovine, genus Bos 1. Bos taurus - of Europe origins such as Shorthorns or Jersey. Those are without humps and therefore of temperate origins. 2. Bos indicus - of tropical origin such as Brahman or Zebra of India. These are hump cattle. 3. Crosses of two: Sta Gertrudis (⅝ Shorthorn, ⅜ Brahman) and Brangus (⅝ Angus, ⅜ Brahman) 277 Identifiable breeds of cattle worldwide 33 beef breeds 18 draft breeds 39 meat - draft 54 meat dairy 21 dairy - draft 61 meat - dairy - draft 51 dairy breeds ❖ Mr. Antonio Nocom of Ansa Farms of Tiboli and Tantangan in South Cotabato and Lipa brought Brahman (pioneering efforts). ❖ Sarangani Cattle owned by the Alcantara Company of General Santos City and ❖ South Davao Company (SODACO) of Davao owned by Consunji’s. ❖ Christopher Columbus and others brought cattle to the New World. They were valued mainly for milk, butter, hides and work. ❖ Bison or buffalo was breed with domestic cattle which resulted in modern breed known as beefalo. ❖ Matling Corporation of Lanao del Sur, holds the distinction as the only Southeast Asian breeder of the beefalo. Beefalo cattle Beef Breeding Breeding defined as the controlled propagation of cattle to improve qualities desirable to man. Modern Goal: ★ To develop types that will meet market demand ★ Be productive under adverse climatic conditions ★ Efficient in converting feeds to animal products Qualitative traits show discontinuous variations Coat color Horned or polled Certain blood characteristics (blood types, presence or absence of particular enzymes) Quantitative traits show continuous variations between the extremes. Most frequent to change. Growth rate Live weight Body measurement at maturity Milk yield Milk composition  Breeding systems Breeding system defined as several types of matings to combine desirable qualitative and quantitative characteristics through mating systems which are planned or non-random. Random mating (or unplanned) means each possible mating in a population has the same probability or occurrence. Normally used in breeding experiments to minimize genetic changes in a control population wherein selected populations are controlled. Close breeding - mating of close relatives e.g., father - daughter; son - mother; brother - sister Inbreeding mating of closely related individuals with in a breed. Effects of inbreeding Marked decrease in fertility Reduces vigor Decrease in growth rate of offspring Reduces viability of the offspring Crossbreeding mating of individuals from two or more established purebreds To increase heterozygosity To take advantage of hybrid vigor or heterosis Hybrid vigor is defined as the average quality of the first generation exceeding the average of the two parental breeds. Systematic cross breeding- two or more breeds are involved in a breeding program lasting several years. Example: A, B, and C are breeds A triple cross: A(Angus) X B(Brahman) F1 50% A x 50% B (breed to C) (a triple cross) F2 25% A, 25% B, 50% C Reproductive phenomena a. Sexual maturity (bulls / heifers) = 6 - 8 months b. Estrus cycle = 18 - 24 days (21 days average) c. Estrus duration i. Exotic / European breeds = 14 - 18 hours ii. Indigenous / Zebu breeds = 10 - 12 hours d. Ovulation = 10 - 14 hours after end of estrus e. Parturition = average 283 days f. A bull ejaculates about 2 - 12 ml of 500 or more sperm cells per ml. g. The sperm cells survive the oviduct up to a maximum of 48 hours h. Many sperm cells reach the oviduct in 6 to 7 hours after deposition in the vagina i. There are many thousand egg cells produced by the female but hose released are very few. One mature egg cell is released at anytime. j. One egg cell is fertilized by one sperm cell at the oviduct (fallopian tube) Signs of Estrus Mount others Reddening and swelling of the vulva Mucous discharge Isolates herself Seem sickly and has no appetite Frequent urination, restlessness and sometimes bellowing or mooing and, Standing still when mounted (the only reliable or true sign of estrus) “ Females observed in estrus in the morning, are inseminated late afternoon of the same day. Those observed in the afternoon, are inseminated not later than noon time the next day”. Artificial insemination (AI) and Embryo Transfer (ET) are modern reproduction techniques which countless times, the capacity of superior male or female respectively. 1B ejaculate can be diluted up to 20% with a standard motility concentration. The diluted sperm cells can then be preserved in liquid nitrogen tank. Estrus of females can also be manipulated or synchronized using drugs such as Prostaglandin F2 Alpha. Embryo Transfer involves superovulation of superior females. Several follicles can develop and multiple ovulations can occur. Insemination can be done and the embryos are collected non-surgically. Artificial insemination Steps of embryo transfer Indicators of Good Breeding or reproductive management a. Conception rate (Pregnancy) - percent of breeding females that conceived versus the total exposed females CR = cows pregnant at the end of breeding season X 100 Cows exposed during breeding season Pregnant = 65 Exposed = 100 Conception Rate = 65% A 65% AI rate is very high, an 85 - 90% natural rate is exceptional B. % ( 90 or 120 days) non returns = percent of breeding females confirmed pregnant at 90 - 120 days, by pregnancy diagnosis (manual palpation) , versus the total exposed females. Manual palpation is the traditional way of identifying pregnant or open cows. During manual palpation, your arm enters the rectum and the reproductive tract is palpated through the rectal wall. C. Calving rate - percent of breeding females that give birth versus the total exposed females. D. Calving interval - the average length of time (in days) between successive calving can be calculated for each cow or the entire herd one year is ideal. Eighteen (18) months is common. E. First heat after parturition - the occurrence of estrus after giving birth to a young. First heat is related to calving interval. ( 40 - 60 days) Q and A Cattle Nutrition Ruminants can totally subsist on highly fibrous diets, like grasses, legumes, tree leaves and can efficiently utilize farm by-products concentrates. Four compartments of a ruminant stomach Rumen ( paunch) microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the cow’s main energy source. Fermentation gases are continuously eructated. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids. In calves, the esophageal grooves allows milk to bypass the rumen and directly enter the abomasum. Rumen development occurs following a change in diet and microbial growth. The rumen (on the left side of the animal) 70% of the stomach is the largest compartment and consists of several sacs. It can hold 25 gallons or more of material depending on the size of the cow. Because of its size, the rumen acts as a storage or holding vat for feed. (carpet like) Reticulum The reticulum is the receiving area for the feed from the esophagus and the ingesta from the rumen back to the mouth during rumination. A pouch like structure in the forward area of the body, close to the heart. Heavy or dense feed and metal objects eaten by the cow drop into this compartment. Nails and other sharp objects may work in to the tissue and cause “ hardware disease”. Reticulum The Omasum The omasum is a globe-shaped structure containing leaves of tissue (like pages in a book). It absorbs water and other substances from digestive contents, Feed material (ingesta) between the leaves will be drier than ingesta found in the other compartments. The Abomasum The abomasum is the only compartment lined with glands. These glands release hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed to breakdown feeds. The abomasum is similar to non ruminant stomach  Nutrients and their Function Water. The main components of feed are water and dry matter. The dry matter contains the organic material and inorganic elements. Water is essential in the transport of metabolic products and wastes and in most chemical reactions in the body. The amount of water consumed by cattle depends on the water content of the feed, body size and environmental temperature. A deficiency in water intake depresses feed intake.  Energy. All animals require energy for maintenance, growth, work and production. The amount of energy required varies with body size, level of production and physiological state. The most common source of energy for ruminants are carbohydrates.  Proteins. A large chemical units made up of amino acids. In ruminants proteins are first utilized by the microorganisms in the rumen for their own growth and reproduction. Microbial fermentation of proteins produces ammonia and CO2 as main end products. Undigested feed proteins and the microorganisms from the rumen are passed on to the lower gastrointestinal tract, where these are then enzymatically digested and absorbed as amino acids. Thus, microbial protein becomes an excellent source of amino acids for ruminants.  Minerals. The mineral nutrition of ruminants is largely influenced by the mineral status of the soil where the animal are grazed. Phosphorus is the single most limiting mineral since the soil and grasses are deficient in this element. Deficiency in P results in low feed intake, low production levels and in severe cases is osteoporosis. Salt is likewise deficient in the normal diet of ruminant and is best provided adlibitum in the form of blocks or loose form.  Vitamins. The water soluble vitamins including Vitamin C are synthesized by the rumen microorganisms. The fat soluble Vitamin K is likewise synthesize in the rumen by the bacteria. Vitamin E is found in most feeds, while Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when the animals are exposed to sunlight. Vitamin A is synthesized from carotene which is abundant in young fresh grass, but devoid in mature grasses. Common Feeds for ruminant  Forages – is the natural and cheapest feed for ruminants and includes not only grasses but also legumes. ✓ A legume refers to any plant from the Fabaceae family that would include its leaves, stems, and pods. ✓ Grasses at pre-flowering stage average 8% CP while legumes average about 20%. In grasses, CP level drastically goes down to 4% at maturity.  A beef animal generally consumes up to 3kg of feed a day for every 100 kg of body weight, and needs access to between 20 litres to 70 litres of water per day, depending on climatic conditions. By-products roughages Farm by-product roughages constitute potential source of feed for ruminants. Most of these are highly fibrous (rice straw, corn stover, corn cobs,sugar cane tops) low in CP and TDN and have poor digestibility. Agro- industrial by-products (high nutritive value) Brewers spent grain Pineapple pulp Concentrates Little amount of grain is fed to ruminants locally. Copra meal Rice bran Wheat pollard are commonly used by products concentrates Use of urea in ruminant ration Urea as a supplement for ruminants must be used with caution Recommended usage for the safe use of urea. ❖ Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than - 1% of the ration (DM basis) - 2-3% of the concentrate mixture, air-dry basis) - If possible daily allowance of urea should be consumed in small amounts throughout the day rather than in just one feeding. - Urea, whether fed in granules or dissolved in water should be well mixed. Herd Management Goal: to produce a crop of high quality, heavy weight calves. Factors that contribute to the accomplishment of this goal. ✓ Early sexual maturity females ✓ High conception rate ✓ High calf crop ✓ Early rebreeding after calving ✓ Excellent milk production of the cows ✓ Availability of a year round feed supply Qualities of management, plan of nutrition and farm infrastructure are important determinants of profit and loss. Herd Division it ensures the appropriate nutrition of various age groups of herd, prevent premature breeding which seriously affect the growth of young bulls and heifers and prevent high rate of abortion resulting from butting and fighting of animals. ✓ Pregnant Herd ✓ Breeding herd ✓ Heifer herd ✓ Steer, feeders or fattener herd ✓ Bull herd  Management of Breeding Females a. Lactating and pregnant cows  Once the cows are determined pregnant, they should be separated from the herd to prevents injury and possible abortion due to riding butting and fighting with other animals. The signs of pregnancy are the cessation of estrus or heat and the enlargement of the abdomen and udder. However, a more reliable pregnancy test is through palpation 60-90 days after breeding. Palpation is the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in cattle. MANAGEMENT OF CALVES, GROWERS AND FATTENERS Calves  Calves should suckle colostrums milk from their mother within three hours after calving Growers  Growers are usually maintained in the pasture with very little attention. They are given salt and mineral supplement Fatteners  Fatteners require a shorter period to reach slaughter weight. They are generally bigger, mature or nearing maturity. However, one and half to two year old animals weighing 200-300 kg are preferred. They may be fattened either in feedlot, on pasture, or both areas  A lactating cow will consume between 18 and 25 kg of dietary dry matter each day, depending on how much milk she is currently producing. Cows have access to feed and water at all times, except during milking (2 or 3 times per day).  When eating efficiently, cows can take about 80 bites a minute, 8 hours a day with about 12 hours for rumination. That often adds up to more than 130 pounds (59 kilograms) of food each day. Cows will not work overtime to eat more food...even if they have very little grass to eat.  General Management Practices  CATTLE IDENTIFICATION This practice is necessary for management purposes and due to denote ownership. Branding with hot iron is the most common method of identifying cattle. The brand must be properly registered by the owner with the livestock identification office of the municipality concerned. The owner's brand is placed on the animal's left foreleg.  Putting ear tags or ear notches are other effective methods of identifying cattle.  DEHORNING  Dehorning has following advantage: a. Dehorning cattle requires less spaces in feedlots b. They occupy less spaces in transmit or shipment c. They are more uniform in appearance  CASTRATION  Bull calves can be castrated any time, but preferably when they are a few weeks to seven months of age. The slit and the cap methods are both effective ways of surgically removing testicles. Bloodless castration can also be done with Burdizzo pinchers or emasculators. Castration tends to decrease the rate of liveweight gain by 15%-20%, it should be resorted to only when there is difficulty in separating males from females, e.g. inadequate fencing or limited availability of pasture paddocks. Emasculator Emasculator Burdizzo Slit methods  Record Keeping  Records list genetically-superior cattle that may be used for breeding. Moreover, slow gaining heifers, bulls that produce undesirable hereditary traits, and those that do not perform satisfactory despite good feeding and management can be identified, too. These animals are culled or removed to improve the herd quality and to increase profit in beef production Selection and Culling  A cow that produces a little amount of milk and raises a small calf despite good feeding and management. a. Small, weak and unhealthy animals which are susceptible to disease and may become the source of infection of the herd if not removed on time. b. Heifers that do not come in heat in spite of proper age, good size, healthy condition, vigor and strength. c. Heifers that fail to meet the standard set for the breeding herd d. Bulls and cows which have undesirable hereditary defects such as inverted teats, hernia, dwarfism, bull dog, cryptorchidism (failure of one or both testes to descend normally), and the like.  Animal Health Program  Herd health management must integrate livestock medicine with modern production technology. The responsibility of a programmed health and care and disease control quality is equally divided between the veterinarian and the livestock raiser Some suggested disease preventive measures are:  Start with healthy stocks  Work-ups for parasite and disease control such as deworming, deticking and immunization must be done during the isolation period.  Provide adequate quality ration since well nourished cattle do not only perform better but are more resistant to infectious and parasitic agents.  Give optimum protection from environmental stress by providing proper housing and clean water supply Thank you…..