Basic Terminology Session 1 of 4 PDF

Educational Concepts and terms Oman vision 2040 https://www.2040.om/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Oman2040- En.pdf I invite you to read the Oman vision and to always it relate to the course content. Beginning the journey with quotes: “Education is the most powerful weapon which...

Educational Concepts and terms Oman vision 2040 https://www.2040.om/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Oman2040- En.pdf I invite you to read the Oman vision and to always it relate to the course content. Beginning the journey with quotes: “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” – Nelson Mandela “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever” – Mahatma Gandhi “If You are planning for a year, sow rice; if you are planning for a decade, plant trees; if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people” – Chinese Proverb Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty. Albert Einstein What is Education Take a few minutes to think about ‘What is education?’ What do you remember most about your school and what you learnt? Education: Preparing for the unknown Education preparation for a future that we do not necessarily know. Therefore, what should education value most Education Education is a gradual process which brings positive changes in human life and behavior. We can also define education as “a process of acquiring knowledge through study or imparting the knowledge by way of instructions or some other practical procedure”.  Instruction: Teaching, education performed by a teacher Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system  Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people sustain from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. In its narrow, technical sense, education is the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another, e.g. instruction in schools. Schooling versus Education Schooling system of school Education can happen inside school and outside Think formal and informal education  Types of Education: Formal, Informal & Non-formal Formal Education Formal education usually takes place in the premises of the school, where a person may learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Small children often attend a nursery or kindergarten but often formal education begins in elementary school and continues with secondary school.  The formal education is given by specially qualified teachers they are supposed to be efficient in the art of instruction. It also observes strict discipline. The student and the teacher both are aware of the facts and engage themselves in the process of education. Examples of Formal Education Learning in a classroom School grading/certification, college, and university degrees Planned education of different subjects having a proper syllabus acquired by attending the institution. Characteristics of formal education Formal education is structured hierarchically. It is planned and deliberate. Scheduled fees are paid regularly. It has a chronological grading system. It has a syllabus and subject-oriented. The syllabus has to be covered within a specific time period. The child is taught by the teachers Advantages of Formal education: Disadvantages of Formal education: An organized educational model and up to date u Sometimes, brilliant students are bored due to the course contents. long wait for the expiry of the academic session to Students acquire knowledge from trained and promote to the next stage professional teachers. u Chance of bad habits’ adoption may be alarming Structured and systematic learning process. due to the presence of both good and bad students Intermediate and final assessments are ensured to advance students to the next learning phase. in the classroom Institutions are managerially and physically u Wastage of time as some lazy students may fail to organized. learn properly in spite of motivation by the Leads to a formally recognized certificate. professional trainers. Easy access to jobs. u Some unprofessional and non-standard education system may cause the wastage of time and money of the students which leads to the disappointment from formal education and argue them to go for non-formal education. u Costly and rigid education as compare to other forms of learning Informal Education Informal education may be a parent teaching a child how to prepare a meal or ride a bicycle. People can also get an informal education by reading many books from a library or educational websites. Informal education is when you are not studying in a school and do not use any particular learning method. In this type of education, conscious efforts are not involved. It is neither pre-planned nor deliberate. It may be learned at some marketplace, hotel or at home. Unlike formal education, informal education is not imparted by an institution such as school or college. Informal education is not given according to any fixed timetable. There is no set curriculum required. Informal education consists of experiences and actually living in the family or community. Think Of Examples of informal education Examples of Informal Education Teaching the child some basics such as numeric characters. Someone learning his/her mother tongue A spontaneous type of learning, “if a person standing in a bank learns about opening and maintaining the account at the bank from someone.” Characteristics of Informal Education It is independent of boundary walls. It has no definite syllabus. It is not pre-planned and has no timetable. No fees are required as we get informal education through daily experience and by learning new things. It is a lifelong process in a natural way. The certificates/degrees are not involved and one has no stress for learning the new things. You can get from any source such as media, life experiences, friends, family etc.  Advantages of Informal Disadvantages of Informal Education Education More naturally learning process as you can learn at anywhere u Information acquired from the internet, social and at any time from your daily experience. It involves activities like individual and personal research on a media, TV, radio or conversations with topic of interest for themselves by utilizing books, libraries, social media, internet or getting assistance from informal trainers. friends’/family members may lead to the Utilizes a variety of techniques. disinformation. No specific time span. Less costly and time-efficient learning process. u Utilized techniques may not be appropriate. No need to hire experts as most of the professionals may be u No proper schedule/time span. willing to share their precious knowledge with students/public through social media and the internet. u Unpredictable results which simply the wastage Learners can be picked up the requisite information from books, of time. TV, radio or conversations with their friends’/family members. u Lack of confidence in the learner. u Absence of discipline, attitude and good habits. Non-formal Education Non-formal education includes adult basic education, adult literacy education or school equivalency preparation. In non-formal education, someone (who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or job skills. Home education, individualized instruction (such as programmed learning), distance learning and computer-assisted instruction are other possibilities. Non-formal education is imparted consciously and deliberately and systematically implemented. It should be organized for a homogeneous group. Non-formal, education should be programmed to serve the needs of the identified group. This will necessitate flexibility in the design of the curriculum and the scheme of evaluation. Examples of Non-Formal Education Boy Scouts and Girls Guides develop some sports program such as swimming comes under non-formal education. Fitness programs. Community-based adult education courses. Free courses for adult education developed by some organization.  Advantages of Non-Formal Disadvantages of Non- Education Formal Education Practiced and vocational training. u Attendance of participants is unsteady. Naturally growing minds that do not wait for the u Sometimes, it’s just wastage of time as there is no need system to amend. to conduct the exam on regular basis and no Literacy with skillfulness growth in which self- degree/diploma is awarded at the end of the training learning is appreciated. session. Flexibility in age, curriculum and time. u Basic reading and writing skills are crucial to learn. Open-ended educational system in which both the public and private sector are involved in the u No professional and trained teachers. process. u Students may not enjoy full confidence as the regular No need to conduct regular exams. students enjoy. Diploma, certificates, and award are not essential u Some institutes provide fake certification through online to be awarded. courses just for the sake of earning. Characteristics of Non-Formal Education The non-formal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system. The timetable and syllabus can be adjustable. Unlike theoretical formal education, it is practical and vocational education. Non-formal education has no age limit. Fees or certificates may or may not be necessary. It may be full time or part-time learning and one can earn and learn together. It involves learning of professional skills. Educational Concepts and Terms - Part 2 - EDUC2021 Spring 2021 Recap J What should school value? Shilvock, 2018 What knowledge/skill do you wish you have gained in school? Share you choice and reasons for this choice in the Jam Board Movie Time! https://medium.com/learning-re-imagined/what-is-the-purpose-of- education-cdf78d7a4ca8 (until 2: 57) Consider the school you studied in or the school your kids are at? Is this what the school value? Let us relate to the survey in the article These are the skills that participants in the study stated. To what degree are our schools emphasizing these? Who decides what we teach? Parents: a limited focus on the individual and not on the whole process of education Students: may be too young/lack knowledge to be given such a role.  Schools should prepare students for a future that that is not known Lifelong learning Autonomous learning Focus on skills. What does is mean to be well-educated? As we saw in earlier slides there is a need to agree on what is the purpose of education. In turn determining the purpose of education is related to one’s philosophy. As we decide on this, this will help us determine what it means to be “well-educated”. What does it mean to be well educated ( “When I met her, she was at Harvard, putting the finishing touches on her doctoral dissertation in anthropology. A year later, having spent her entire life in school, she decided to do the only logical thing... and apply to medical school. She subsequently became a successful practicing physician. However, she will freeze up if you ask her what 8 times 7 is, because she never learned the multiplication table. And forget about grammar (“Me and him went over her house today” is fairly typical)” (Kohn, 2015) Purpose of Education: Nell Noddings Intellectual development as a top priority ? Or Competent, caring, lovable and loving individuals Do we really need this division? What is a ‘good’ school? What are the qualities of a school that offers quality education? Education organized around problems, projects, and opportunities to develop students’ critical and reflective thinking. Venues for students to explore, take risks, and construct their knowledge. Keep in mind that answering these questions will help you discover your philosophical orientation towards the education and also develop an understanding of what type of teachers are needed for this type of education. What is the impact of such an understanding The value we give to test scores Memorization of facts ? How would you want your school to be? (Dare to DreamJ) Teachers: The magical competent What would teachers’ profile be? What would their professional responsibilities? How do we prepare teachers for an education of this sort? Movie Time https://teach.com/what/ Take notes about what is the role of a teacher Now Go back in time Describe the teacher you remember from your childhood. What qualities did she/he have? What did she/he do? Relate this to what the teachers said in the video. Share in the Jam Board or discuss in class.  End of Session 2 Educational Concepts and terms Session 3 of 4 Recap ! What do inspirational teachers do? Great inspirational teachers Relationships Care Collaborative first Make learning Embrace creative fun and mistakes effective active listeners SMILE ThinkJ What is teaching? What is training? Teaching and Training Teaching and training go hand in hand on many occasions. Most people see teaching as the act of imparting knowledge to young minds and training the participation in skills based learning. However, teaching and imparting knowledge can apply at any age and training can be a skill leant through teaching at any level. Teaching, as a form of education, is more academic and knowledge based while training is more practical and skills based or job focused. Teaching is a profession and teachers are trained to teach curriculum as well as stimulate learning through a specific environment. Training’s focus is on acquiring a skill or learning a specific job. What is teaching? Teachers are facilitators and impart knowledge to their learners. Teachers are trained in appropriate methods to teach and encourage their pupils. Younger learners need to be taught skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic. The teacher supports the learner on their journey through an educational system to receive knowledge and understanding while dealing with challenges. The teacher provides the right environment within the classroom for learning to take place. She enables the learners to participate in discussions and gain the knowledge required to grow academically. The teacher initiates the use of the necessary tools the learner needs to promote learning. Teachers are part of a system that encourages the pupils in their care to gradually become independent learners. The teacher gives the necessary instruction and guidance as the learners pass through the system of education. The teacher provides activities to support academic learning. What is the function of Teaching? Use the Jam Board to write down your thoughts. Teaching has the following functions: Impart new knowledge and skills to learners. Provide the necessary environment for healthy learning to take place. Understand and facilitate the needs of learners physically, academically and emotionally. Assess progress and provide support for the learners. Teaching takes place in a context that the teacher provides with academic learning. What is Training? Training is the more practical aspect of learning. Learning a new skill or improving on one’s knowledge within a job environment is the essence of training. Training often referred to as ‘on the job’ training, is the opportunity that a company has to improve their employees’ skills and productivity within the company environment. Training is also the intense aspect of self-improvement within competitive world of individual achievement. Training and trainers focus on the specific skills or exercises that will enhance the individual’s performance.  Organizations will insist their employees undergo training in their particular style of management. This ensures that the workforce is more productive and everyone is working towards common goals. Training can be ongoing as companies strive to improve their position in competitive markets. The training is often the responsibility of a mentor who works alongside the trainee and supports their progress. Large companies will often provide their own training and development programs to offer the employees the skills the company seeks to improve.  Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, and performance. Training offers the following advantages to productivity: On the job skills based development. Quality training that suits the needs of the company. An opportunity to accelerate development and improve individual performance. A chance to equip the academically sound employee with the practical tools for the job. What type of training? What type of training do teaches need in order to become the teachers you have described? What do we need to focus? Can this reflect the the purpose of education we are advocating for? Teaching vs. Training: Comparative chart Teaching Training Teaching is the imparting of knowledge and Training is the practical sharing of skills to improve on concepts. It is an academic approach to learning the learner’s performance. Teaching generally takes place in a classroom Training generally takes place in the work environment environment. or sports field. Teachers are trained to teach at training colleges and Trainers are often mentors in the work place who have teaching institutions. the expertise to offer on the job training. Teaching gives pupils new knowledge. Trainers add skills onto existing knowledge. Teachers give reports and feedback to learners to Trainers are given feedback from the trainees to monitor progress. improve on their performance. Teaching is broader in its focus. Training will focus on specific skills. Profession and Career Profession and Career A career can be understood as the occupation, which an individual undertakes throughout his life, and includes all the steps taken for growth. The life pattern of a person is defined by the career he/she opts. The term ‘career’ is often misconstrued as ‘profession’, but there is a fine line of differences between the two. A profession is an occupation, usually paid, which requires a person to undergo prolonged training from a particular university, institute, or under an expert. Teaching a job or career? Definition of Profession By the term ‘Profession’, we mean a type of economic activity, which a person undertakes only if he/she has the required knowledge, skills and has undergone training for a specified period. The person who carries out profession is called a professional, such as doctors are engaged in a medical profession, advocates in legal profession and engineers in a technical profession, etc. One can acquire the required skills and knowledge set from the college, university or institute specifically dedicated to the course in this regard. Further, some courses require expert training, to become professional in a particular field. They are governed by a professional body, which also lays down the guidelines or code of conduct required to be followed by all the members. Professionals who work on their own and not under any person and charges a fee for the services rendered to the clients, as a consideration, called as “Practicing professionals”. Definition of Career We define the term ‘career’ as all the roles which a person takes on during his lifespan, such as education, training, jobs, work profiles, work experience and so forth. It is the result of the decisions one takes in his life, which influences the educational, professional, personal and social endeavors. It determines a person’s orientation, commitment to work and willingness to grow and develop  Career is a journey of learning and work, which is different for different individuals. It is the sequence of occupations and work profiles, i.e. jobs that a person carries out, responsibilities undertaken, movement and transition between the jobs and the sense of satisfaction derived from working with the organization. It is not concerned with one organization, but with all the organizations in which a person worked throughout his life.  As different people have different career goals, the measurement of their success in career will also be different, meaning that for some people salary, position and frequency of promotion, will be called a success, while for some, it can be the happiness and satisfaction, they get from undertaking what they like.  BASIS FOR COMPARISON PROFESSION CAREER Profession refers to an activity, in Career defines a person’s work which a person applies his/her life, as in the jobs, work profiles, Meaning specialized knowledge and skill, in salary, growth and development the occupation. opportunities, etc. Business, Profession or Occupation Profession itself is an occupation Employment Based on Education and training Ambition Orientation Service oriented Growth oriented Code of Conduct It has a code of conduct. No such code of conduct.  A job is an activity, often regular and often performed in exchange for payment ("for a living"). Many people have multiple jobs (e.g., parent, homemaker, and employee). A person can begin a job by becoming an employee, volunteering, starting a business, or becoming a parent. The duration of a job may range from temporary (e.g., hourly odd jobs) to a lifetime (e.g., judges).  Conclusion Career and profession both are long-term endeavors of life. While career encompasses all the jobs, business or any other type of work performed by an individual during his life, the profession is an occupation for which a person should have good knowledge and expertise, to provide services to others. In Preparation for next timeJ Teaching Profile of a teacher Philosophy of education EDUC2021 Spring 2024 Asking Questions about Education: Intellectual Foundations of Education What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear Philosophy? Wisdom: at heart of philosophy Theory : that helps understand things around us A person who makes things more complicated Philosophy enables us to think critically and logically Complex A way to find answers, a reflection of how people think. a way to gain knowledge ‘Explaining the obvious’: obvious is quite complex Philosophy An intimidating subject We want to run away!  WHY? WHAT? Multiple HOW? Inquires about WHO? Education By WHOM? So WHAT?  How do we answer these Questions? Philosophy is a tool that will help you find answers to these question.  What is philosophy? From Greek: φιλοσοφία, A particular set or system of philo+sophia, 'love of wisdom' beliefs resulting from the search for knowledge about https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy life and the universe. The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially The study of the nature and when considered as an academic discipline. meaning of the universe and Definitions from Oxford Languages from of human life. https://www.google.com/search?q=meaning+of+philosop hy&rlz=1C5CHFA_enAU692AU692&oq=meaning+of+philo &aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.9110j1j15&sourceid=chrome& ie=UTF-8 https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/philosophy?q=phi losophy Different Definitions of Philosophy WEBER- "Philosophy is a compressive view of nature. an attempt at universal explanation of nature of things; it looks into the problem deeper and still deeper till it reaches compression and meaningfulness." According to Dr.S.Radhakrishanan- "Philosophy is the logical enquiry into nature of reality." According to Brightman- "Philosophy is a Science of knowledge." Philosophy is Way of thinking An approach to life Attitudes beliefs Why Philosophies in education? Philosophy Imagine Philosophies Philosophy like Glasses to SEE through them the Different Educational Components/ Issues This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Three main Branches of Philosophy Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology Nature of Reality Nature of knowledge Nature of values  What is more important? Why Philosophies Learning teaching methods? in Education? Learning WHY we use certain teaching methods not others? The complexity of education requires a lot more than following instruction? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Three main Branches of Philosophy Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology Nature of Reality Nature of knowledge Nature of values What is Real How do we know? What is of value?  Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology Nature of Reality Nature of knowledge Nature of values HOW THESE MAIN PHILOSOPHIES SEE THESE MAIN AREAS/ QUESTIONS? Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism  Metaphysics How we perceive reality? Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism Reality is discovered Reality exists Reality changes and is Reality is personal through the mind. independently of not stable. existence. Reality does not exist ourselves; we learn We make meaning The world is without independent of about it through our about reality through purpose, until we ourselves. It only exists senses, not our brain. our experience. make meaning out of because we realize it. it. Reality=Material world Reality=experience Meaning making is Reality=Ideas personal CHOICE: reality is a choice Reality=Individual existence  The chair is just an Idealism Metaphysics idea The chair is the Realism physical object that we can touch and see The chair represents Pragmatism the experience of sitting The chair is not part of your existence, it is Existentialism a meaningless object unless you do not have a personal experience with it  What is a “chair” to you? How does the idealism, realism, pragmatism and Existentialist affect education? Where do we see them? What is a “reality” to you?  How we perceive knowledge? Epistemology What is truth? doubt? What are the sources of acquiring it? Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism Knowledge is in the Knowledge studying There is no permanent Knowledge is what is mind and bring it to the material world that knowledge; only what considered essential the conscious level can be revealed to the we experience. and meaningful for through reasoning/ mind through sensory oneself. questioning and experiences, Knowledge is searching for the questioning and constantly changing Knowledge is truth. systematic logic (eg. and reflects the personal and different All men are mortal; problems of the from one person to Ideas can change Ahmed is a man. changing world. another. Individual lives. Therefore, Ahmed is freedom and ability to Knowledge=Ideas mortal). knowledge=experience cope with existence (classic books) are essential. knowledge=the study of the material world Knowledge=Individual meaning-making  Idealism Classics Epistemology Realism Natural laws Pragmatism Problem- solving Existentialism Self- awareness  Axiology How we perceive values? Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism Values are absolute Values are absolute. There are no constant There are no and universal. They are linked to the values. universal values, only natural world and personal ones. subject to its laws. Values are tentative and are subject to You can choose your change. Depend on own values. the situation.  Honesty is important idealism everywhere are Axiology always. Honesty is important everywhere are Realism always and can be observed in the natural world. Pragmatism Honestly depends on the situation. Existentialism Honesty is a personal choice. Next: Educational Philosophies  Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology Nature of Reality Nature of knowledge Nature of values HOW THESE MAIN PHILOSOPHIES SEE THESE MAIN AREAS/ QUESTIONS? Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism EDUC2021 Spring 2024 Intellectual Foundations of Education: Educational Philosophies Educational Philosophies  The History of Formal Schooling How did your grand-parents get to be competent adults? Not all went to school Schooling reflects the growth of human society: From farming to industry to the information age: in farming and industry children are labor force, but in this information age child labor is prohibited in many courtiers. Modern education started after the 15th century for religious reasons, then in 19th century for political reasons, and in the 20th century schools became more common and even compulsory. Islamic world: (859 A.D.)The University of al-Qarawiyyin located in Morocco is the oldest existing, continually operating and the first degree awarding educational institution in the world according to UNESCO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education#Universities Education & Philosophy Parkerson, Donald H., and Jo Ann Parkerson. The American Teacher : Foundations of Education, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. Aspects of Schooling Goal of Education Curriculum Teaching Methods Teacher Role Evaluation  Philosophy helps us answer the following Take some time to answer these questions ! What are schools for? What subjects are of value? What objectives and learning activities to use? How should students learn content? What forms of assessments should we use? Major Philosophies Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism  MAIN Educational Philosophies Progressivism Western Philosophies Essentialism All in the 20th Reconstructionism century Existentialism Goal of Education Curriculum Teaching Teacher Role Learner Role Evaluation Methods  MAIN Educational Philosophies Progressivism Essentialism Reconstructionism Existentialism Out of pragmatism: Based on idealism and Criticizes progressivism Stress individualism Education is LIFE realism. because it deals with and self-fulfillment itself. Came as a response to society as its and doesn’t progressivism because it change it to the better. Against School is a place to ignored such essentials and reconstructionism learn and practice failed to equip their students Schools need to build (individual versus the skills needed to with the basic knowledge. new society that is society) live in a changing This lead to a decline in committed to eradicating world. American students its main problems like intellectual achievement poverty, racism and compared with their sexism. counterparts such as Japanese students.  Goal of Education Progressivism Essentialism Reconstructionism Existentialism Teach students how Intellectual training Change society To develop a free, to think instead and intellectual through education self-actualizing of what to think. achievement Challenge unequal person. Develop human Rigorous ed power relationship. Take responsibility experience as a programs Examine the for their choices basis for Focus on historic connections and deal with the knowledge. disciplines not between language, results of their Students should be worthless subjects power and actions involved in Transmitting values knowledge Enhance self- deciding what to and cultural Transform discovery and learn because we heritage. relationships and to consciousness of see education as reason and act the freedom of democratic responsibly. choice. process. List the three most important goals of education in your opinion. Explain why? Now you do these goals align with the philosophies discussed so far  Curriculum Progressivism Essentialism Reconstructionism Existentialism Curriculum is Essentials: Democratic Students needs and experience-centered reading, writing, ideals interests or student-centered mathematics, history , Critical literacy: Learning: personal focusing on problem- geography, literature, Analysis of views and private solving rather than social sciences, languages ideas subject-centered natural sciences, and histories, and Individualized focusing on content foreign languages. cultures curriculum Personal Truth Personal awareness (of what?) Goal of Education Curriculum Teaching Methods Teacher Role Learner Role Evaluation Progressivism Philosophical base: Pragmatism Aim: To provide democratic, social living Knowledge: Growth and development, living learning process, focus on active and relevant learning Role of teacher: To guide Teaching method: Problem solving and scientific inquiry. Progressivism Curriculum Curriculum should be based on student’s interests. Should be applicable for human affairs (solving problem). Interdisciplinary subject matter. Focus on activities and projects. Reality is changing therefore no need to focus on fixed body of knowledge. Process is more important than content Progressivism Curriculum Relevant curriculum Humanistic education Radical school reform Essentialism Philosophical base: Realism and Idealism Aim: To promote intellectual growth and educate the competent person Knowledge: Essential skills, master of concepts, and principles Role of teacher: Authority in the field. Teaching method: explicit teaching of traditional values. Tough discipline. Essentialism Curriculum Essential skills (Three R’s) Essential subjects: English, Science, history, math, foreign language Affected by the demand of the public to raise the academic standards and to improve students’ work and minds Subjects that have contents are emphasized rather than process Essentialism Curriculum Back-to-basic curriculum Excellence in education Cultural literacy Reconstructionism Philosophical base: Pragmatism Aim: To improve and reconstruct society. Education is for change and social reform Knowledge: Skills and subjects that identify problems of society. Active learning with focus of contemporary and future. Role of teacher: Agent of change and reform (Project director) Teaching method: Case study, involve students for social responsibilities. Neutrality is not an option. Social analysis, interpretation, and evaluation activities Reconstructionism Curriculum Emphasis on social sciences and social research methods Examination of social, economic and political problem Focus on present and future as well as local and global issues Reflect Are there any subjects that are not essential? Physical education and art classes are always taken away to give time for math and science: what do you think this says about how our education views these subjects? Can ALL students learn with a standard curriculum?  Teaching Methods Progressivism Essentialism Reconstructionism Existentialism Project Method Lecture Critically analyzing world Individualized Experience-based Recitation events, exploring instruction learning Socratic dialogue; controversial issues, and Self-reflection Inductive discussion developing a vision for a Participatory Reasoning/Proble Mastery of subjects better world. discussions m-solving Use technology and Observe the reality of social Exitential Scientific Method instructional material problems (computer Anxiety to (verifying such as competency- simulations, role-playing, create self- experience not based instruction cooperative learning, discovery truth) and computer- internship, metaphors and Affective Critical thinking assisted instruction work-study experience experiences to master knowledge Goal of Education Curriculum Teaching Methods Teacher Role Learner Role Evaluation Which teaching methods will you use? Why? Have you ever had a moment in your personal life that affected your learning forever?  Evaluation/ Assessment Progressivism Essentialism Reconstructionism Existentialism Formative Sound academic Against standardized tests Against evaluation standards What to evaluate: Ability to testing, where the Testing, testing, think critically & expose Subjective process of testing (IQ tests, underlying assumptions appraisal/ learning is Standardized and practices assessment more achievement tests, Authentic assessment Personal important that Diagnostic tests, (Formative evaluation, fulfillment the product Performance based Conferences, Debates, versus tests) Cooperation between meaningless student and) grades. Goal of Education Curriculum Teaching Methods Teacher Role Learner Role Evaluation Reflect What do you think of using high stakes exams like the 12th grade exams that determine students’ future? https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36380910  Teacher Role Progressivism Essentialism Reconstructionism Existentialism Advisor; As a Help students question social Teachers coach disciplinarian assumptions: demonstrating Facilitator Developing Transformational leader values of Guide students Change agent discipline not Director of morals. Shaper of new society imposing learning Continuously examine his discipline. thinking Collaborative Tolerance of ambiguity partner Open to diversity Goal of Education Curriculum Teaching Methods Teacher Role Learner Role Evaluation Reflect 1 2 As a future teacher, how What is the role of the can you play a role in teacher in making students creating educational aware of the world policies? problems? How to do that best? Differences between Educational Philosophies Authoritarian Democratic Product versus process of learning Process versus product of learning Experience/student – centered Subject-centered curriculum curriculum Convergent thinking (inside the box) Divergent thinking (outside the box) Eg. Progressivism, existentialism, Eg. essentialism reconstructionism Philosophy and Teacher Professionalism All professions have philosophical underpinnings. Educational philosophy is one important aspect of teacher’s professional knowledge. 32 Developing Your Philosophy of Education Philosophy can guide practice and help you explain and defend your educational goals. The process of developing a philosophy begins with examining your own beliefs about teaching, learning, and students. An analysis of educational philosophies can assist teachers in forming their own personal, and probably eclectic, personal philosophy. 33 Discuss the below in light of the philosophies studied. Take a look at the following teaching philosophy can you relate it to the philosophies we studied? https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/sample.html Islamic Philosophy in Education Prepared by, Prof. Aisha Salim Al-Harthi College of Education Sultan Qaboos University  Objectives Distinguish between the basic concepts of Islamic philosophy in education (Islam, Islamic philosophy, Islamic philosophers, Islamic educational thought). Identify the main components of Islamic philosophy (ontology, axiology, and epistemology). Identify the main sources for the Islamic philosophy. Evaluate the critical impact of the philosophical foundations of education from an Islamic perspective What are the differences between these terminologies? Islam Islamic Education Islamic thought Islamic Philosophy  Islamic Education Islamic education is a holistic approach rooted in the teachings of Islam It aims to develop a balanced individual in terms of intellectual, physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. It emphasizes the integration of knowledge and practice It aims to instill Islamic values and beliefs in students. The ultimate goal of Islamic education is to guide individuals towards a righteous and fulfilling life, in accordance with the principles and teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah.  Islamic Educational Thought reflects the Muslim's understanding of the Islamic essence of Islamic work Thought: (the Qur'an and the Sunnah), whether it occurs orally or in writing. Islamic aims to develop educational practices Education based on the philosophy al and aims of Islamic education and its unique Thought: educational objectives.  Definition of Islamic Philosophy of Education Is an integrated and holistic framework that seeks to guide the educational process according to the principles and teachings of Islam, and based on its views of the nature of existence, humanity, knowledge, and values. It aims to cultivate individuals who are not only knowledgeable and skilled but also morally and spiritually aligned with Islamic values. This philosophy is rooted in the belief that education should develop the whole person based on the divine guidance of the Qur'an and Sunnah.  Sources of Islamic Philosophy in Education Primary Sources Qur’an: ultimate source of knowledge, providing comprehensive guidance on all aspects of life, including education Sunnah: comprising the teachings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), serves as a practical guide for implementing the principles found in the Qur'an. Secondary Sources Ijtihad (Independent Reasoning): Ijtihad involves the application of reason and intellect to derive rulings and understanding in situations not explicitly covered by the Qur'an and Sunna and allows for adaptability and relevance in contemporary educational contexts, Scholarly Opinions (Ijma and Qiyas): Ijma (Consensus): The collective agreement of Islamic scholars on certain issues can serve as a source of guidance. Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning): Using analogies to apply established principles to new situations, ensuring Older philosophies consistency with that wereteachings. Islamic translated during the Islamic period  Basic Principles of Islamic Philosophy of Education Holistic Moral and Development: Integration of Ethical Tawhid (Oneness Comprehensive Knowledge (Ilm): Foundation of God): Central growth: Combining (Akhlaq): belief and intellectual, revealed and Importance of purpose of spiritual, acquired character education. emotional, and knowledge. building and physical. role models. Purposeful Adaptability and Community and Respect for Education: Ijtihad: Social Humanity and Aiming for Encouraging Responsibility: Creation: Human worship, critical Promoting Ummah, dignity and societal roles, thinking and social justice, environmental and positive contextual and community stewardship. action. relevance. welfare. Foundations of Islamic Philosophy in Education Nature of Reality Ontology Nature of Human Beings Axiology: Nature of Values Epistemolo Nature of gy knowledge  Metaphysics of Islamic Philosophy Tawhid (Oneness of God): the belief in the oneness of Allah, which underpins all aspects of existence. Purpose of Creation: Humans are created by Allah with a specific purpose, which is to worship Him and act as His vicegerents on Earth. Nature of Human Beings: Humans possess both physical and spiritual dimensions, with an innate potential for moral and intellectual growth.  Metaphysics=Reality & Universe Tawhid (Oneness of God): the belief in the oneness of Allah, which underpins all aspects of existence. Oneness is an important metaphysical concept and answers the riddles of the universe (Unified world, integrated universe) Universe - uniformity, purposefulness, and interdependence View of life: Universals exist before things: life on Earth and the afterlife Testimony of Faith  Metaphysics=Human All mankind are expected to believe in Allah Fitrah/‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮة‬: Recognition of Allah is imprinted on the souls of all Adam’s descendants Purpose of Creation: Humans are created by Allah with a specific purpose, which is to worship Him and act as His vicegerents on Earth. Nature of Human Beings: Humans possess both physical and spiritual dimensions, with an innate potential for moral and intellectual growth. Clarifies the true position of mankind as the vicegerent (‫ )ﺧﻠﯿﻔﺔ‬of Allah on Earth Gives humans complete trust in Allah (real submission to Allah)  Guides to Relationshi happy life p between committed man and to virtue, universe -> purity, harmony not justice, Metaphysics conflict. and peace. Relationship between Man and Universe Other Leads to pillars of obeying faith Allah’s depends on commands pure monotheism  Integration of o Knowledge: o Sources of integration of Knowledge: spiritual and empirical knowledge The totality of o primary sources o life: spiritual, intellectual, Epistemology- (Qur'an and the Sunnah) religious, cultural, Knowledge individual, etc. osecondary sources include Ijtihad (independent Man: mind & spirit reasoning), & Mind & senses consensus (Ijma'), and analogical reasoning (Qiyas).  Revealed oAcquired knowledge knowledge (Ilm Naqli o (Ilm Aqli ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫)ﻋﻠم اﻟﻧﻘل‬ ‫)اﻟﻌﻘل‬ Epistemology- o Human intellect and reasoning Knowledge Qur'an and Sunnah o gained through human intellect, observation, and Types of odirectly revealed by Allah through the empirical investigation. Knowledge Qur'an and Sunnah. o complements revealed knowledge ohelps in oabsolute and understanding the unchangeable. physical world and solving practical problems.  Axiology- Values Unchanging Religious Values: Individual and society Ethical and Moral Values: Islamic education instills values such as justice, compassion, honesty, and respect for others. These values are derived from the Qur'an and the Sunnah and are essential for personal and social conduct. Holistic Development: The focus is on the development of the whole person, including their intellectual, spiritual, moral, and physical aspects. Education should nurture individuals to lead a life of virtue and righteousness. Purpose of Education: The primary aim of Islamic education is to produce individuals who are knowledgeable, pious, and morally upright. Education is not just for personal gain but for the betterment of society and to fulfill one's duties to Allah.  Principles of Education in Isalm 3. Leaving the 1. Understanding 2. Role of judgment of Islam rationality Individual’s faith to Allah Educational purpose are Discipline of the mind Education is not about drawn from the Islamic and rationality judging others’ faith world view “‫”أﻓﻼ ﯾﻌﻘﻠﻮن“ ”أﻓﻼﯾﺒﺼﺮون‬ Education in Islam Teachers are role models Educating the mind: fosters living in peace Shallow understanding of appreciation of science, and harmony with others Islam will result in innovation and human Teachers should use shallow application of its development objectives and scientific principles. standards when evaluating students (no ethnocentric) These principles are based on Al-Azhar philosopher “Mohammed Abdo”. (Taha, H.(2007). Contemporary Educational Thinking and its philosophical Roots. Jordan: Dar Al-Mssira).  Principles of Education in Isalm 2. Direct 3. Tolerance is the 4. Reflection on Allah’s Communication between basis of human Creations and Nature man and Allah (No religious authority in-between) behavior Learners need to go beyond No authority of one Muslim on Violence will only lead to evil simple knowledge to another and negative consequences contemplate on Allah's creation Teachers role is guidance ‫ﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻔﻮ وأﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮف وأﻋﺮض ﻋﻦ‬ (WHY?) rather than control: “‫ ”إن ﷲ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﯾﻦ‬، “‫اﻟﺠﺎھﻠﯿﻦ‬ The well-designed universe “‫”وﻟﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﺑﻤﺴﯿﻄﺮ‬ Education: points to a greater creator Teachers should focus more on Tolerate differences in “‫”اﻧﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺸﻰ ﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺎده اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ becoming good role models for opinions Then what? The ultimate goal their students rather than Debating with others with for creating mankind: ‫”وﻣﺎ ﺧﻠﻘﺖ‬ forcing students to obey them. respect and humanity “‫اﻟﺠﻦ واﻹﻧﺲ إﻻ ﻟﯿﻌﺒﺪون‬ Learners attitude, thought and behavior These principles are based on Al-Azhar philosopher “Mohammed Abdo”. (Taha, H.(2007). Contemporary Educational Thinking and its philosophical Roots. Jordan: Dar Al-Mssira). Purposes of Education The ultimate goal for creating mankind: To know and worship Allah ِ ‫ﻧﺲ إِﻻﱠ ِﻟﯿَ ْﻌﺒُﺪ‬ “‫ُون‬ ِ ‫” َو َﻣﺎ َﺧﻠَ ْﻘﺖُ ا ْﻟ ِﺠ ﱠﻦ َو‬ َ ‫اﻹ‬ Prepare Muslim youths in a balanced way (life and after-life) Develop goodness, piety, fear of Allah in the individual, tolerance, brotherhood, love, rightness, ability of self-expression and shouldering responsibility, opportunity to the individual to live an ideal, pure and happy life.  Curriculum Curriculum: based on Holy Quran and Sunna Religious and intellectual Islamic education deals with all field of knowledge  Teaching Methods  Dialogue, induction, deduction, personal experience, intuition, discussion, note-taking, and analogy  Ethics: islamic ethics in curriculum, morals, teaching and managing the classroom. Al-Gazzali: Practical application of knowledge Divine Intuition: learners use inductive methods to learn about the physical world helped by divine revelation of the truth. (learners try and Allah help them succeed) Ibn Khaldoun: Human mind is limited and directed by Allah. “‫”وﻣﺎ أوﺗﯿﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ إﻻ ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬ Self-study: reasoning; seek knowledge; why; rationalization of things  What is reasoning??? To use all mental efforts in order to produce legislative rules for the text, whether it is Quran or Sunnah. Many texts in Quran and Sunnah are not clear or definitive in their meaning Rules are changeable from time to time- flexible rules Face new matters people face Analogy (only for scholars) Related to reasoning= new matters similar to old matters take the same judgment Drugs=alcohol  Classroom Management Al-Gazzali: Learning environment is characterized with love and the teacher is looked as a guardian Teachers are role models for their students.  Role of the Teacher Teachers: inheritors of prophets' knowledge “‫”اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ورﺛﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﯿﺎء‬ Teachers’ morals= affect students’ behaviors Al-Gazzali: teachers should display strong commitment to Islamic ethics and values. Teachers’ motivation and ethics More responsibilities; honest; loyalty for the job=Allah Deal better with students; humility, brotherhood; shouldering the responsibility Teach students to use reasoning= everything is created for a reason= reflect on the universe; evidence  Role of the Learner Students: seekers of knowledge & obligated to learn Al-Gazzali: Learner should display total commitment to learning “ ‫ط ِرﯾﻘًﺎ ِإﻟَﻰ‬ َ ‫ ُ ﻟﮫ ِﺑ ِﮫ‬ ‫ﺳﮭل ﱠ‬ َ ‫ط ِرﯾﻘًﺎ ﯾَ ْﺑﺗ َ ِﻐﻲ ِﻓﯾ ِﮫ ِﻋ ْﻠ ًﻣﺎ‬ َ ‫ﺳﻠَ َك‬ َ ‫َﻣ ْن‬ ‫ب ا ْﻟ ِﻌ ْﻠ ِم‬ ِ ‫طﺎ ِﻟ‬ َ َ ‫ َو ِإ ﱠن ا ْﻟ َﻣ َﻼﺋِ َﻛﺔَ ﻟَﺗ‬، ‫”ا ْﻟ َﺟﻧﱠ ِﺔ‬ َ ‫ﺿ ُﻊ أ َ ْﺟﻧِ َﺣﺗ َ َﮭﺎ ِﻟ‬  Evaluation Evaluation of what? Process: formative evaluation Product: What is the product? Behavior: observation Attitude: self report Thinking: tests For what? Modifying behavior? Level of understanding?  Dilemmas in Education Muslim teachers ethics: do they observe Islamic ethics in practicing their profession of teaching? (e.g. teacher demonstration?) Is education still valued today as the Islamic philosophy emphasize it to be? Is there a duality of education in Muslim educational system between the needs for development in Islam and in the Western view of development? Are teacher education programs in Muslim universities more westernized, and teach teachers to teach youths in western ways, aims, and visions? Do educational philosophies in Muslim countries reflect the principles of education in Islam? ‫ وﺗﺮﺳﯿﺦ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺪﯾﻨﯿﺔ‬،‫ﺗﺄﻛﯿﺪ اﻹﯾﻤﺎن ﺑﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬.‫ وﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرا ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك‬،‫وﺗﻮﻇﯿﻔﮭﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬  Refernces Zaman, M., & Memon, N. A. (Eds.). (2016). Philosophies of Islamic education: Historical perspectives and emerging discourses. Routledge. Hassan, A., Suhid, A., Abiddin, N. Z., Ismail, H., & Hussin, H. (2010). The role of Islamic philosophy of education in aspiring holistic learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2113-2118. Sultana, Q. N. (2014). Philosophy of education: An Islamic perspective. Philosophy and Progress, 51(1-2), 9-36. Rahayu, A. S. (2016). Islamic Education Foundation: An Axiological Philosophy of Education Perspective. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 4(2), 49-60. Zubaidillah, H. (2018). Epistemological Views of Islamic Education Philosophy as A Islamic Education Basis. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan, 1-12. Hassan, A., Suhid, A., Abiddin, N. Z., Ismail, H., & Hussin, H. (2010). The role of Islamic philosophy of education in aspiring holistic learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2113-2118.