Basic Neurology Past Paper PDF 2024, Universitas Brawijaya
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Universitas Brawijaya
2024
Universitas Brawijaya
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This is a basic neurology past paper from Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Medicine, 2024. The document contains various aspects of neurology, including the organization of the nervous system, pathological processes, and neurological thinking. Exam questions and case studies are also presented to help understand complex concepts in neurology.
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BASIC NEUROLOGY DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2024 1. LAY OUT 1. Organization of the nervous system 2. Neurological thinking 3. Pathological processes in neurology 4. Standar Kompetensi Dokter Indonesia 2012: Sistem Sa...
BASIC NEUROLOGY DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2024 1. LAY OUT 1. Organization of the nervous system 2. Neurological thinking 3. Pathological processes in neurology 4. Standar Kompetensi Dokter Indonesia 2012: Sistem Saraf dan perilaku A. Neurological problem (Daftar Masalah), B. Neurological syndrome and disease (Daftar penyakit,) C. Neurological skill (Daftar Ketrampilan) 5. History and examination -→ dipelajari saat Panum 6. Neurologic investigation. 7. Symptoms and diseases: Coma, Sistem dalam tubuh -> Hasil UKMPPD → Tinjauan V No Sistem No Sistem 1. Sistem Saraf 8 Ginjal dan Saluran Kemih 2. Psikiatri 9 Reproduksi 3. Indera 10 Endokrin, Metabolik dan Nutrisi 4. Pernapasan 11 Hematologi dan Imunologi 5. Jantung, pembuluh darah & 12 Muskulo skeletal Sistem limfatik 6. GI, pancreas, dan hepatobilier 13 Integumen 7 Ginjal dan Saluran Kemih 14 Tidak terkait sistem Ilustrasi kasus Seorang laki-laki umur 68 th, gemuk (terutama perutnya), bangun pagi jam 05.00 ke kamar mandi, tiba-tiba lemah ½ kanan, sulit bicara. Dibawa ke UGD: Kesadaran: Sadar , Tensi 170/90 parese N VII/ XII kanan UMN, Riwayat DM (+), GD sewaktu: 184 g Keluhan/ symptom Gejala/ sign Obesitas/gemuk BMI Lumpuh separuh Strength 5/0- 5/0 Sulit bicara Aphasia Kesadaran: sadar GCS= 4.5.6 Keluhan (-) Tensi 170/90 Pipi/ bibir merot Parese n.VII dextra/sinistra Bicara pelo Parese N.XII dextra/sinistra Sering b.a.k, sering haus Kadar GD sewaktu 184 mg/dl. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Upper motor neuron & Lower motor neuron The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. This sytem sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body. 6 LEVELS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM UMN dan LMN Pleksus N. Radialis Brakhialis N. Medialis N. Ulnaris Radiks Pleksus Srf Perifer - Motorik - Sensoris - Otonom N. Femoralis Pleksus N. Ischiadikus Lumbosacralis N. Cut. Post or N. Pudendus TANDA-TANDA LESI Lesi UMN Lesi LMN Kelumpuhan pada ekstremitas Kelumpuhan pada ekstremitas yang ditandai dg : yang ditandai dg : Hipertonia Hipotonia Hiperrefleksia Hiporefleksia/arefleksia Refleks patologis (+) Refleks patologis (-) Atrofi otot (-) Atrofi otot (+) Lesi pada nn.craniales: Lesi pada nn.craniales: Memp ciri tertentu. Memp ciri tertentu. THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES -sensation of the opposite - insight and control of emotions side of the body - dominant hemisphere : output -appreciation of space, of speech esp. in the non-dominant -motor control of the opposite hemisphere side of the body appreciation of vision. - memory and emotions - dominant hemisphere : comprehension of speech 12 BRAIN STEM – NN.CRANIALES BRAIN STEM The reticular formation, which maintains consciousness The cranial nerves The descending motor tract The ascending sensory tract SYMPTOMS/ SIGNS nn. craniales 16 MOTOR FUNCTION – PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM 19 CORTICO-BULBAR 20 SENSORIK - PROTOPATIK - PROPRIOSEPTIF 21 NEUROLOGICAL THINKING NEUROLOGICAL THINKING The process of diagnosis involves: 1. Background knowledge: neurological symptom, Neurological sign, clinial features of neurological syndromes and diseases, neuroanatomy and Incidence of neurologial syndrome 2. Techniques of neurological history and neurological examination 3. A methode of synthesizing this information: neurological thinking Ilustrasi kasus Seorang laki-laki umur 68 th, gemuk (terutama perutnya), bangun pagi jam 05.00 ke kamar mandi, tiba-tiba lemah ½ kanan, sulit bicara. Dibawa ke UGD: Kesadaran: Sadar , Tensi 170/90 parese N VII/ XII kanan UMN, Riwayat DM (+), GD sewaktu: 184 g Keluhan/ symptom Gejala/ sign Obesitas/gemuk BMI Lumpuh separuh Strength 5/0- 5/0 Sulit bicara Aphasia Kesadaran: sadar GCS= 4.5.6 Keluhan (-) Tensi 170/90 Pipi/ bibir merot Parese n.VII dextra/sinistra Bicara pelo Parese N.XII dextra/sinistra Sering b.a.k, sering haus Kadar GD sewaktu 184 mg/dl Neurological thinking 1. Symptom : lemah separuh tubuh, bibir merot, bicara pelo/sulit; serangan waktu bangun tidur Riwayat tekanan darah tinggi, sering kehausan dan sering buang air kecil. 2. Sign : GCS 456 // Hemiperese dextra // Parese n.VII dextra// Parese N.XII dextra // Riwayat / Faktor risiko: Hipertensi, DM 3. Symptom/syndrome dan disease: Stroke Trombosis 4. Neuroanatomi : tractus pyramidalis, tractus corticobulbaris, anatomi kesadaran 5. Incidence : 25.400 orang dari 100.000 penduduk ( WHO, 2020) DAFTAR MASALAH NEURO SKDI 2012 (symptom and sign) Sakit kepala/ Pusing Wajah kaku Pelupa Kejang Wajah perot Penurunan fungsi berpikir Kejang demam Kesemutan Perubahan emosi Epilepsi Mati rasa/ baal Susah tidur Pingsan/sinkop Gemetar (tremor) Stres Hilang kesadaran Lumpuh Depresi Gangguan pembauan Perubahan perilaku Cemas Gangguan bicara Gangguan perkembangan Pemarah Terlambat bisa bicara Gangguan belajar Mengamuk Gerakan tidak teratur Gangguan komunikasi Penyalahgunaan obat Gangguan fungsi seksual Gangguan pemusatan Gangguan gerak dan (non organik) perhatian dan hiperaktif koordinasi SEBAGIAN PENYAKIT SARAF SKDI 2012 (neurological syndrome and disease) Febrile convulsion 4 Malaria cerebral 3B Radicular syndrome/HNP 3A Tetanus 4 Intracerebral hematoma 3B Parkinsonism 3A Tension headache 4 Hypertensive 3B Nyeri Nosiseptif 3A encephalopathy Trauma Medula Spinalis 3B Epilepsy 3B Nyeri neuropatik 3A TIA 3B Epidural hematom 3B Neurogenic bladder 3A Tetanus neonatorum 3B Encephalopathy 3B Migraine 3A Subdural hematom 3B Encephalitis 3B Meniere's disease 3A Subarachnoid 3B Encephalitis 3B HIV AIDS 3A hemmorhage Seizures 3B Complete spinal 3B Cluster headache 3A transection SAH (Sub Arachnoid 3B Comatous 3B Cerebral Toxoplasmosis 3A Hemorrhage) Rabies 3B Cerebral infarction 3B Benign paroxysmal 3A positional vertigo Poliomyelitis 3B Vertigo Central 3A Bells’ palsy 3A Meningitis 3B Trigeminal neuralgia 3A Medulla compression 3B Spondilitis TB 3A acute SEBAGIAN KETERAMPILAN KLINIS SARAF Fungsi Saraf Kranial Inspeksi palatum 4A Pemeriksaan indra penciuman 4A Penilaian otot sternomastoid dan trapezius 4A Inspeksi lebar celah palpebra 4A Lidah, inspeksi saat istirahat 4A Lidah, inspeksi dan penilaian sistem motorik (misalnya Inspeksi pupil (ukuran dan bentuk) 4A 4A dgn dijulurkan keluar) Reaksi pupil terhadap cahaya 4A Pemeriksaan refleks Gag 3 Reaksi pupil terhadap obyek dekat 4A Sistem Motorik Penilaian gerakan bola mata 4A Inspeksi: postur, habitus, gerakan involunter 4A Penilaian diplopia 4A Penilaian tonus otot 4A Penilaian nistagmus 4A Penilaian kekuatan otot 4A Refleks kornea 4A Koordinasi Pemeriksaan funduskopi 4A Inspeksi cara berjalan (gait) 4A Penilaian kesimetrisan wajah 4A Shallow knee bend 4A Penilaian kekuatan otot temporal dan 4A Tes Romberg 4A masseter Penilaian sensasi wajah 4A Tes Romberg dipertajam 4A Penilaian pergerakan wajah 4A Tes telunjuk hidung 4A Penilaian indra pengecapan 4A Tes tumit lutut 4A Penilaian indra pendengaran (lateralisasi, konduksi udara dan tulang) 4A Tes untuk disdiadokinesis 4A Penilaian kemampuan menelan 4A KETERAMPILAN KLINIS SARAF Sistem Sensorik Refleks Fisiologis, Patologis, dan Primitif Refleks tendon (bisep, trisep, pergelangan, platela, tumit) Penilaian sensasi nyeri 4A 4A Penilaian sensasi suhu 4A Refleks abdominal 4A Penilaian sensasi raba halus 4A Refleks kremaster 4A Penilaian rasa posisi (proprioseptif) 4A Refleks anal 4A Penilaian sensasi diskriminatif (misal 4A Tanda Hoffmann-Tromner 4A stereognosis) Fungsi Luhur Respon plantar (termasuk grup Babinski) 4A Penilaian tingkat kesadaran (GCS) 4A Snout reflex 4A Refleks menghisap/rooting reflex menggengam palmar/ Penilaian orientasi 4A grasp reflex glabela palmomental 4A Penilaian kemampuan berbicara dan berbahasa 4A Refleks menggengam palmar/grasp reflex 4A Penilaian apraksia 2 Refleks glabela 4A Penilaian agnosia 2 Refleks palmomental 4A Penilaian kemampuan belajar baru 2 Penilaian daya ingat/memori 4A Penilaian konsentrasi 4A PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN NEUROLOGY Systemic metabolic, toxic, nutritional, immunolical, endorine disorders Vascular hemorrhage, infarction Infectious viral, parasites, bacterial (cerebral malaria, meningits tb, HIV infection) Neoplastic primary tumour, secondary tumours, paraneoplastic manifestation. Degenerative Huntington Immunological GBS, MS, Myasthenia gravis PEMERIKSAAN KLINIS Kesan Umum Anamnesa 60 – 75 % Pemeriksaan Fisik-Neuro 20 – 30 % Penunjang 10% DIAGNOSA: Klinis Topis Etiologis Sekunder PENETALAKSANAAN : Farmakoterapi dan Non Farmako Edukasi ANAMNESA APA ? SIAPA? AKIBATNYA BAGIAMANA ? APA? KAPAN ? DIMANA? MENGAPA ? GEJALA + 7 PERTANYAAN TANDA SISTEMATIS TERARAH GEJALA + TANDA SABAR + TELITI HETERO Ax TERARAH + AHLI AUTO Ax SISTEMATIS DIAGNOSA TERARAH SISTEMATIS : ANATOMI FISIOLOGI PATOLOGI DIAGNOSA: 1. KLINIS 2. TOPIS 3. ETIOLOGIS DIAGNOSA BANDING Dx SEKUNDER ? TANDA & GEJALA SYMPTOMS/ SIGNS nn. craniales Topis Lesi pada Sistem Motorik : 1. UMN: upper motor neuron a. Korteks b. Kapsula Interna c. Mesensefalon d. Pons e. Medulla oblongata f. Mielum 2. LMN (lower motor neuron) a. Kornu anterior b. Radiks c. Saraf tepi d. Neuromuscular Junction e. Otot MOTORIC LEVEL SENSORY LEVEL Different levels of diagnosis KOMA ALGORITME KOMA ALGORITME KOMA ALGORITME KOMA ALGORITME KOMA 52 DDx KOMA 53 DDx KOMA 57 DDx KOMA CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME CTS KLINIS : - Kesemutan, Nyeri terbakar, Spt ditusuk 3 ½ Jari - Malam , Tidur terganggu - Atropi thenar , “APE” Hand - Parese : - Flexor jari 1, 2 - Opponen + Abductor jari 1 Tes : - Tinel tes - Phalen tes - “ O “ sign / Bottle sign Anatomi pergelangan tangan Entrapment n. medianus di pergelangan tangan HEADACHE NYERI KEPALA SKUNDER a) Subarachnoid hemorrhage b) Meningitis c) Temporal arteritis d) Raised intracranial pressure SAH Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ec. Congenital aneurysm rupture 1. Sudden, severe, explosive headache 2. Alteration of consciousness 3. Sign of meningeal irritation : Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, neck stiffness BACTERIAL MENINGITIS Inflammation and suppurative process on surface of leptomeninges of brain and spinal cord (1)Febris (2)Headache (3)Signs of meningeal irritation (4) Abnormalities of CSF ABSES OTAK Raised intracranial pressure/ TIK meningkat Raised intracranial pressure/ TIK meningkat Ec. Brain tumor TRIAD 1. Headache 2. Vomiting 3. Papil edema Brain tumor Focal manifestation: (1) Visual disturbance (2) Ataxia (3) Disorders of mentality, Speech, or personality Hemiparese, focal seizures, or hemihipestesia (4) Babinski sign (+) TIK meningkat bisa disebabkan oleh tumor otak (glioblastoma, meningioma dll) Tuberculosis CNS 1. Tuberculoma → Raised ICP 2. Tuberculous basilar meningitis → infiltration 3. Paraspinous abscess in addition to bony destruction. 4. Destruction of disc space and adjacent end plates of vertebrae RESUME HEADACHE VERTIGO VERTIGO BACAAN Topical Diagnosis in Neurology. Peter Duus. Thieme, 2012 Neurology an Illustrated Colour Text 3rd ed. Geraint Fuller, Mark Manford, Elsevier Toronto, 2010 Neurologi Dasar. Badrul Munir, Sagung Seto, Jakarta, 2015 THANK YOU